Many active filter structures are based on first- and second-order sections. In this chapter, we will first discuss different types of sections with respect to their transfer functions. Next, we will classify, analyze, and compare different realizations that are based on resistors, capacitors, and with one or several operational amplifiers, transconductors, or current conveyors [58, 130]. These circuits can, of course, be implemented with discrete components, but this is of less interest because a large number of active elements are often needed and the cost and the power consumption becomes high. Integrated active elements are considerably cheaper and consume less power.
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Notes
- 1.
The reader should recognize that solving of these equation systems and simplifying the expressions by hand is a very tedious and error-prone process.
- 2.
Sections of this type, which are based on VCVS, were described by R.P. Sallen and E.L. Key in 1955.
- 3.
Teodor Deliyannis, Patras University, Greece.
- 4.
Dag Åkerberg and Kåre Mossberg, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
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Wanhammar, L. (2009). First- and Second-Order Sections. In: Analog Filters Using MATLAB. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92767-1_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92767-1_6
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