Abstract
For too long, the human rights and public health implications of human trafficking have been overlooked, underestimated, and/or misunderstood. Trafficking of humans comprises the recruitment, harboring, and transportation of people for the purpose of exploitation and is considered the world’s fastest growing international criminal industry (US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (2008). The trafficking of humans affects approximately 600,000–800,000 men, women, and children around the world every year, according to the US Department of State (2007), while another source estimates 27 million people across the globe are enslaved in trafficking situations at any given time (Bales 2000).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
A “meet-up” is a group of community members who come together to learn, talk, or engage in activities of similar interest, and many of these interest groups are grassroots efforts surrounding social problems. A Web site (Meetup.com, 2008) provides a database of available interest groups, and has been used by the D.C., Louisiana, New Jersey, and other local anti-trafficking meet-ups to organize efforts.
References
Alonzo AA, Reynolds NR (1995) Stigma, HIV and AIDS: an exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory. Soc Sci Med 41(3):303–315
Altman D (2001) Global sex. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn, text revision. APA, Washington, DC
Aronowitz A (2001) Smuggling and trafficking in human being: the phenomenon, the markets that drive it, and the organizations that promote it. Eur J Crim Policy Res 9:163–195
The Asia Foundation (2007) 2007 Annual report. http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/FullAnnualReport2007forwebsite V2.pdf. Accessed 3 Dec 2008
Bales K (2000) Expendable people: slavery in the age of globalization. J Int Affairs 53(2):461
Batalova J, Fix M (2008) Uneven progress: the employment pathways of skilled immigrants in the United States (with Creticos PA). Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC
Bilateral Safety Corridor Coalition (BSCC) (2008) BSCC home page. http://www.bsccoalition.org. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Briere J, Spinazzola J (2005) Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states. J Trauma Stress 18(5):401–412
Chisolm-Straker M (2007) Human trafficking: clinical presentation and treatment. How to care for trafficked persons in the E.D. Brown Medical School, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine. http://fohs.bgu.ac.il/supercourse/lecture/lec29951/001.htm. Accessed 5 Nov 2008
Clawson HJ, Dutch N (2008) Addressing the needs of victims of human trafficking: challenges, barriers, and promising practices. http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/HumanTrafficking/Needs/ib.shtml. Accessed 1 Nov 2008
End Child Prostitution Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT International) (2008) ECPAT International home page. http://www.ecpat.net. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
ECPAT-USA (2008) ECPAT-USA home page. http://www.ecpatusa.org. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Farley M (ed) (2004) Prostitution, trafficking, and traumatic stress. Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press, Binghampton, NY
——— (2007) Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: making the connections. Prostitution Research & Education, San Francisco, CA
Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence (FCADV) (2004) FCADV human trafficking service provider manual for certified domestic violence centers. FCADV, Tallahassee, FL. http://www.fcadv.org/downloads/legal/Human Trafficking Manual for FL DV Centers.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Ford JD, Kidd TP (1998) Early childhood trauma and disorders of extreme stress as predictors of treatment outcomes with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Posttrauma Stress Disord 11(4):743–761
Friedman M, Schnurr PP (1995) The relationship between trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and physical health. In: Friedman M, Charney DS, Deutch AY (eds) Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, pp 507–524
Girls Education and Mentoring Services (GEMS) (2008) GEMS home page. http://gems-girls.org. Accessed 1 Nov 2008
Goffman E (1963) Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Gozdziak EM, Collett EA (2005) Research on human trafficking in North America: a review of literature. Int Migr 43:99–128
International Center on the Research on Women (ICRW) (2008) ICRW home page. http://www.icrw.org. Accessed 15 Nov 2008
International Labour Organization (ILO) (2005) A global alliance against forced labour. Global report under the follow-up to the ILO declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work, May 2005. Online. UNHCR Refworld. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4289f7254.html. Accessed 7 Dec 2008
Justice Resource Institute (2008) Project REACH. http://www.jri.org/Programs-Trauma-Services-Project-Reach.php. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Kennedy C (2008) Understanding the trauma response and promoting healing in survivors of human trafficking. National Symposium on the Health Needs of Human Trafficking Victims, Washington Plaza Hotel, DC, 23 Sept 2008
Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:1048–1060
Kilpatrick DG, Acierno R, Resnick HS, Saunders BE, Best CL (1997) A 2-year longitudinal analysis of the relationships between violent assault and substance use in women. J Consult Clin Psychol 65:834–847
La Strada-Ukraine (2006) Prevention of trafficking in children and commercial sexual exploitation of children. http://www.lastradainternational.org/?main=lastradaoffices§ion=ukraine. Accessed 30 Nov 2008
Lissauer J (2008) Personal interview. 14 Oct 2008
Loewenstein L (2005) Take action against human trafficking. The Daily Bruin. http://dailybruin.com/archives/id/32856/. Accessed 15 Nov 2008
Meetup.com (2008) Meetup.com home page. http://www.meetup.com. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
New York State (2008) Governor Paterson signs law to protect sexually exploited youth: ‘Safe Harbor’ law to provide support and social services to victims. New York State press release, 26 Sept 2008. http://www.state.ny.us/governor/press/press_0926082.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Polaris Project (2008a) National human trafficking hotline. http://www.polarisproject.org/content/view/90/95/. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
——— (2008b) Polaris Project home page. http://www.polarisproject.org/. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Richard AO (1999) An intelligence monograph – international trafficking in women to the United States: a contemporary manifestation of slavery and organized crime. DCI Exceptional Intelligence Analyst Program. http://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/trafficking.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2008
Safe Harbor for Exploited Youth Act (A.5258-c/S.3175-c) (2007) Passed 13 Feb 2007. http://www.assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A05258&sh=t. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Schwartz H, Williams J, Farley M (2007) Pimp Subjugation of women and mind control. In: Farley M (ed) Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: making the connections. Prostitution Research & Education, San Francisco, pp 49–84
Silverman J, Decker MR, Gupta J, Maheshwari A, Willis BM, Raj A (2007) HIV prevalence and predictors of infection in sex-trafficked Nepalese girls and women. JAMA 298(5):536–542
TheCode.org (2005) Code of conduct for the protection of children from sexual exploitation in travel and tourism. http://www.thecode.org/dokument/images/downloads/Signatories-04-05.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) (2000) Public law 106-386. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) (2005) Public law 109-164. http://www.coherentbabble.com/signingstatements/PublicLaws/HR972PL109-164.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Ugarte MB, Zarate L, Farley M (2004) Prostitution and trafficking of women from Mexico to the United States. In: Farley M (ed) Prostitution, trafficking, and traumatic stress. The Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press, Binghampton, NY
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004) United Nations convention against transnational organized crime and the protocols thereto. United Nations, New York. http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
United States v. Lee (2003) http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/briefs/michaellee.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
US Congress (2008) 110th Congress, 2nd session. William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008, H. R. 7311. Enacted 10 Dec 2008. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h7311eh.txt.pdf. Accessed 11 Dec 2008
US Constitution (2008) http://www.house.gov/house/Constitution/Constitution.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (2008) The campaign to rescue and restore victims of human trafficking – fact sheet: human trafficking. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_human.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
US Department of Justice (2004) Report to Congress from Attorney General John Ashcroft on U.S. government efforts to combat trafficking in persons in fiscal year 2003. http://immigration.server263.com/index.php?content=pr0604b. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
US Department of State (2005) The facts about child sex tourism. http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/fs/2005/51351.htm. Accessed 11 Nov 2008
——— (2007) Trafficking in persons report. Released by the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/82902.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2008
Welch K (2008) Telephone interview. 22 Oct 2008
Willis B (2008) Personal interview. 9 Oct 2008
Wright D (2008) Keynote address. National Symposium on the Health Needs of Human Trafficking Victims, Washington Plaza Hotel, DC, 23 Sept 2008
Zimmerman C, Watts C (2003) WHO ethical and safety recommendations for interviewing trafficked women. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Zimmerman C, Yun K, Shvab I, Watts C, Trappolin L, Treppete M, Bimbi F, Adams B, Jiraporn S, Beci L, Albrecht M, Bindel J, Regan L (2003) The health risks and consequences of trafficking in women and adolescents. Findings from a European Study. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nykaza, E. (2009). Human Trafficking and Its Public Health Implications. In: Gaist, P. (eds) Igniting the Power of Community. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98157-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98157-4_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98156-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-98157-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)