Skip to main content

The Lymphatic Vascular System in Lymphangiogenesis Invasion and Metastasis A Mathematical Approach

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Selected Topics in Cancer Modeling

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Watson, J.D.: Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing, New York (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alitalo, K., and Carmeliet, P.: Molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis in health and disease,Cancer Cell, 1, 219–227 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson, A.R.A., and Chaplain, M.A.J.: Continuous and discrete mathematical models of tumor induced angiogenesis,Bulletin of Mathematical Biology,60, 857–899 (1998).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Andreasen, P.A., Kjøller, L., Christensen, L. and Duffy, M.J.: The urokinasetype plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: A review,International Journal of Cancer,72, 1–22 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Andreasen, P.A., Egelund, R., and Petersen, H.H.: The plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis,Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences,57, 25–40 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Aznavoorian, S., Stracke, M.L., Krutzsch, H., Schiffmann, E., and Liotta, L.A.: Signal transduction for chemotaxis and haptotaxis by matrix molecules in tumor cells,Journal of Cell Biology,110, 1427–1438 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Aznavoorian, S., Stracke, M.L., Persons, J., McClanahan, J., and Liotta, L.A.: Integrinα v β 3 mediates chemotactic and haptotactic motility in human melanoma cells through different signaling pathways,Journal of Biological Chemistry,271, 3247–3254 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bray, D.:Cell Movements from Molecules to Motility, Garland Publishing, New York (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Carmeliet, P., and Jain, R.K.: Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases,Nature,407, 249–257 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chang, L., Kaipainen, A., and Folkman, J.: Lymphangiogenesis new mechanisms,Annals New York Academy of Sciences,979, 111–119 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chaplain, M.A.J.: Avascular growth, angiogenesis and vascular growth in solid tumours: The mathematical modelling of the stages of tumour development,Mathematical and Computer Modelling,23, 47–87 (1996).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Chaplain, M.A.J.: Mathematical modelling of angiogenesis,Journal of Neuro-Oncology,50, 37–51 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Chaplain, M.A.J., and Lolas, G.: Mathematical modelling of cancer cell invasion of tissue: The role of the urokinase plasminogen activation system,Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences,15 (11), 1685–1734 (2005).

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Enholm, B., Paavonen, K., Ristimäki, A., Kumar, V., Gunji, Y., Klefstrom, J., Kivinen, L., Laiho, M., Olofsson, B., Joukov, V., Eriksson, U., and Alitalo, K.: Comparison of VEGF, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and Ang-1 mRNA regulation by serum, growth factors, oncoproteins and hypoxia,Oncogene,14, 2475–2483 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Fidler, I.J.: Tumor heterogeneity and the biology of cancer invasion and metastasis,Cancer Research,38, 2651–2660 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Folkman, J.: Tumor angiogenesis: Therapeutic implications,New England Journal of Medicine,285, 1182–1186 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Folkman, J.: The vascularization of tumors,Scientific American,234, 58–73 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Folkman, J.: Tumor angiogenesis, In:Cancer Medicine, Bast, R.C., Kufe, D.W., Pollock, R.E., Weichselbaum, R.R., Holland, J.F., Frei, E., and Gansler, T.S., editors, Decker, Ontario, Canada, 132–152 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hanahan, D., and Weinberg, R.A.: The hallmarks of cancer,Cell,100, 57–70 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hong, Y-H., and Detmar, M.: Prox1, master regulator of the lymphatic vasculature phenotype,Cell – Tissue Research,314, 85–92 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jackson, D.G., Prevo, R., Clasper, S., and Banerji, S.: LYVE-1, the lymphatic system and tumor lymphangiogenesis,TRENDS in Immunology,22, 317–321 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ji, R-C.: Lymphatic endothelial cells, tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis: New insights into intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatics,Cancer Metastasis Reviews,25, 677–694 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Joukov, V., Pajusola, K., Kaipainen, A., Chilov, D., Lahtinen, I., Kukk, E., Saksela, O., Kalkkinen, N., and Alitalo, K.: A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases,The EMBO Journal,15, 1751 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Joukov, V., Sorsa, T., Kumar, V., Jeltsch, M., Claesson-Welsh, L., Cao, Y., Saksela, O., Kalkkinen, N., and Alitalo, K.: Proteolytic processing regulates receptor specificity and activity of VEGF-C,European Molecular Biology Organization Journal,16, 3898–3911 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Jussila, L.: Ph.D. Thesis: VEGFR-3 in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, University of Helsinki, Finland (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Jussila, L., and Alitalo, K.: Vascular growth factors and lymphangiogenesis,Physiological Reviews,82, 673–700 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Karkkainen, M.J., Mäkinen, T., and Alitalo, K.: Lymphatic endothelium: a new frontier of metastasis research,Nature Cell Biology,4, E2–E5 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Karpanen, T., and Alitalo, K.: Lymphatic vessels as targets of tumor therapy,Journal of Experimental Medicine,194, F37–F42 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Korpelainen, E.I., and Alitalo, K.: Signaling angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis,Current Opinion in Cell Biology,10, 159–164 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Levine, H.A., Sleeman, B.D., and Nilsen-Hamilton, M.: A mathematical model for the role of pericytes and macrophages in the initiation of angiogenesis: I. The role of protease inhibitors in preventing angiogenesis,Mathematical Biosciences,168, 77–115 (2000).

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  31. Levine, H.A., Pamuk, S., Sleeman, B.D., and Nilsen-Hamilton, M.: Mathematical modeling of capillary formation and development in tumor angiogenesis: penetration into the stroma,Bulletin of Mathematical Biology,63, 801–863 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Levine, H.A., Sleeman, B.D., and Nilsen-Hamilton, M.: Mathematical modeling of the onset of capillary formation initiating angiogenesis,Journal of Mathematical Biology,42, 195–238 (2001).

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Liotta, L.A., Steeg P.S., and Stetler-Stevenson W.G.: Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: An imbalance of positive and negative regulation,Cell,64, 327– 336 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Lolas, G.: Ph.D. Thesis: Mathematical modelling of the urokinase plasminogen activation system and its role in cancer invasion of tissue, University of Dundee, Scotland (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Lolas, G., and Friedman, A.: Lymphangiogenesis in tumors: A mathematical model, submitted for publication, (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Mäkinen, T., Veikkola, T., Mustjoki, S., Karpanen, T., Catimel, B., Nice, E.C., Wise, L., Mercer, A., Kowalski, H., Kerjaschki, D., Stacker, S.A., Achen, M.G., and Alitalo, K.: Isolated lymphatic endothelial cells transduce growth, survival and migratory signals via the VEGF-C/D receptor VEGFR-3,European Molecular Biology Organization Journal,20, 4762–4773 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Mandriota, S.J., Jussila, L., Jeltsch M., Compagni, A., Baetens, D., Prevo, R., Banerji, S., Huarte, J., Montesano, R., Jackson, D.G., Orci, L., Alitalo, K., Christofori, G., and Pepper, M.S.: Vascular endothelial growth factor-Cmediated lymphangiogenesis promotes tumour metastasis,European Molecular Biology Organization Journal,20, 672–682 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  38. McCarthy, J.B., Palm, S.L., and Furcht, L.T.: Migration by haptotaxis of a schwann cell tumor line to the basement membrane glycoprotein lamini,Journal of Cell Biology,97, 772–777 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. McCarthy, J.B., and Furcht, L.T.: Laminin and fibronectin promote the haptotactic migration of B16 mouse melanoma cells in vitro,Journal of Cell Biology,98, 1474–1480 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. McCarthy, J.B., Hagen, S.T., and Furcht, L.T.: Human fibronectin contains distinct adhesion- and motility-promoting domains for metastatic melanoma cells,Journal of Cell Biology,102, 179–188 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. McColl, B.K., Baldwin, M.E., Roufail, S., Freeman, C., Moritz, R.L., Simpson, R.J., Alitalo, K., Stacker, S.A., and Achen, M.G.: Plasmin activates the lymphangiogenic growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D,The Journal of Experimental Medicine,198, 863–868 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Nagy, J.A., Vasile, E., Feng, D., Sundberg, C., Brown, L.F., Detmar, M.J., Lawitts, J.A., Benjamin, L., Tan, X., Manseau, E.J., Dvorak, A.M., and Dvorak, H.F.: Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor induces lymphangiogenesis as well as angiogenesis,Journal of Experimental Medicine,196, 1497–1506 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Oh, C.W., Hoover-Plow, J., and Plow, E.F.: The role of plasminogen in angiogenesisin vivo, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis,1, 1683–1687 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Oh, S-J., Jeltsch, M.M., Birkenhäger, R., McCarthy, J.E.G., Weich, H.A., Christ, B., Alitalo, K., and Wilting, J.: VEGF and VEGF-C: Specific Induction of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the differentiated avian chorioallantoic membrane,Developmental Biology,188, 96–109 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Oliver, G.: Lymphatic vasculature development,Nature Reviews Immunology,4, 35–45 (2004).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  46. Oliver, G., and Detmar, M.: The rediscovery of the lymphatic system: Old and new insights into the development and biological function of the lymphatic vasculature,Genes – Development,16, 773–783 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Orme, M.E., and Chaplain, M.A.J.: Two-dimensional models of tumour angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis strategies,IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied in Medicine – Biology,14, 189–205 (1997).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. Partanen, T.A., Arola, J., Saaristo, A., Jussila, L., Ora, A., Miettinen, M., Stacker, S.A., Achen, M.G., and Alitalo, K.: VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression in neuroendocrine cells and their receptor, VEGFR-3, in fenestrated blood vessels in human tissues,The FASEB Journal,14, 2087–2096 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Partanen, T.A., and Paavonen, K.: Lymphatic versus blood vascular endothelial growth factors and receptors in humans,Microscopy Research and Technique,55, 108–121 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pepper, M.S.: Lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis: Myth or reality?,Clinical Cancer Research,7, 462–468 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Pepper, M.S., Ferrara, N., Orci, L., and Montesano, R.: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitors-1 in microvascular endothelial cells,Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,189, 824–831 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Pepper, M.S., Wasi, S., Ferrara, N., Orci, L., and Montesano, R.:In vitroangiogenic and proteolytic properties of bovine lymphatic endothelial cells,Experimental Cell Research,210, 298–305 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Pepper, M.S., Mandriota, S.J., Jeltsch, M., Kumar, V., and Alitalo, K.: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C synergizes with basic fibroblast growth factor and VEGF in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro and alters endothelial cell extracellular proteolytic activity,Journal of Cellular Physiology,177, 439– 452 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Pepper, M.S., and Skobe, M.: Lymphatic endothelium: Morphological, molecular and functional properties,Journal of Cell Biology,163, 209–213 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Pepper, M.S., Tille, J-C., Nisato, R., and Skobe, M.: Lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis,Cell Tissue Research,314, 167–177 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Plate, K.H.: From angiogenesis to lymphangiogenesis,Nature Medicine,7, 151– 152 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Podgrabinska, S., Braun, P., Velasco, P., Kloos, B., Pepper, M.S., Jackson, D.G., and Skobe, M.: Molecular characterization of lymphatic endothelial cells,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,99, 16069–16074 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Rakic, J.M., Maillard, C., Jost, M., Bajou, K., Masson, V., Devy, L., Lambert, V., Foidart, J.M., and Nöel, A.: Role of plasminogen activator-plasmin system in tumor angiogenesis,Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences,60, 463–473 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Reis-Filho, J.S., and Schmitt, F.C.: Lymphangiogenesis in tumors: What do we know?,Microscopy Research and Technique,60, 171–180 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Ristimäaki, A., Narko, K., Enholm, B., Joukov, V., and Alitalo, K.: Proinflammatory cytokines regulate expression of the lymphatic endothelial mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor-C,The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 8413–8418 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ruoslahti, E.: How cancer spreads,Scientific American,275, 72–77 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Schoppmann, S.F., Birner, P., Stöckl, J., Kalt, R., Ullrich, R., Caucig, C., Kriehuber, E., Nagy, K., Alitalo, K., and Kerjaschki, D.: Tumor-associated macrophages express lymphatic endothelial growth factors and are related to peritumoral lymphangiogenesis,American Journal of Pathology,161, 947–956 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Shayan, R., Achen, M.G., and Stacker, S.A.: Lymphatic vessels in cancer metastasis: Bridging the gaps,Carcinogenesis,27, 1729–1738 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Sidenius, N., and Blasi, F.: The urokinase plasminogen activator system in cancer: Recent advances and implication for prognosis and therapy,Cancer and Metastasis Reviews,22, 205–222 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Skobe, M., Hamberg, L.M., Hawighorst, T., Schirner, M., Wolf, G.L., Alitalo, K., and Detmar, M.: Concurrent induction of lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, and macrophage recruitment by vascular endothelial growth factor-C in melanoma,Americal Journal of Pathology,159, 893–903 (2001a).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Skobe, M., Hawighorst, T., Jackson, D.G., Prevo, R., Janes, L., Velasco, P., Riccardi, L., Alitalo, K., Claffey, K., and Detmar, M.: Induction of tumor lymphangiogenesis by VEGF-C promotes breast cancer metastasis,Nature Medicine,7, 192–198 (2001b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Sleeman, J.P.: The lymph node as a bridgehead in the metastatic dissemination of tumors, in: Schlag P.M., Veronesi U. (Eds.),Lymphatic Metastasis and Sentinel Lymphonodectomy, Springer, New York, 55–81 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Stacker, S.A., Stenvers, K., Caesar, C., Vitali, A., Domagala, T., Nice, E., Roufail, S., Simpson, R.J., Moritz, R., Karpanen, T., Alitalo, K., and Achen, M.G.: Biosynthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor-D involves proteolytic processing which generates non-covalent homodimers,Journal of Biological Chemistry,274, 32127–32136 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Stacker, S.A., Achen, M.G., Jussila, L., Baldwin, M.E., and Alitalo, K.: Lymphangiogenesis and cancer metastasis,Nature Reviews,2, 573–583 (2002a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Stacker, S.A., Baldwin, M.E., and Achen, M.G.: The role of tumor lymphangiogenesis in metastatic spread,The FASEB Journal,16, 922–934 (2002b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Swartz, M.A., and Skobe, M.: Lymphatic function, lymphangiogenesis, and cancer metastasis,Microscopy Research and Technique,55, 92–99 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Taraboletti, G., Roberts, D.D., and Liotta, L.A.: Thrombospondin-induced tumor cell migration: Haptotaxis and chemotaxis are mediated by different molecular domains,Journal of Cell Biology,105, 2409–2415 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Tille, J-C., Wang, X., Lipson, K.E., McMahon, G., Ferrara, N., Zhu, Z., Hicklin, D.J., Sleeman, J.P., Eriksson, U., Alitalo, K., and Pepper, M.S.: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 signaling mediatesVEGF-C ΔNΔC and VEGF-A-induced angiogenesis in vitro, Experimental Cell Research,285, 286–298 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Valtola, R., Salven, P., Heikkilä, P., Taipale, J., Joensuu, H., Rehn, M., Pihlajaniemi, T., Weich, H., deWaal, R., and Alitalo, K.: VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C are associated with angiogenesis in breast cancer,American Journal of Pathology,154, 1381–1390 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael S. Pepper .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Birkhäuser Boston

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pepper, M.S., Lolas, G. (2008). The Lymphatic Vascular System in Lymphangiogenesis Invasion and Metastasis A Mathematical Approach. In: Selected Topics in Cancer Modeling. Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology. Birkhäuser Boston. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-4713-1_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics