Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer: Systemic Chemotherapy and a System Problem

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Urological Oncology

  • 1624 Accesses

Abstract

Castrate resistant prostate cancer remains a significant problem, despite the introduction of many new anticancer agents in recent years. Of importance, establishing true castration resistance, confirmed biochemically, is a sine qua non of effective management. It should also be recognized that stage migration has occurred, with more patients being offered treatment for PSA-only castration-resistant disease, and with the increased radiological surveillance of patients after definitive local treatment, and the goal posts have widened due to increased emphasis on patient-reported outcomes and progression-free survival. That said, it is clear that, in addition to established cytotoxic agents, several new options of systemic therapy are active in castrate resistant prostate cancer, including ixabepilone, cabazitaxel, cabozantanib, and the current focus seems to be shifting somewhat from cytotoxic to targeted therapeutics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tannock IF. Is there evidence that chemotherapy is of benefit to patients with carcinoma of the prostate? J Clin Oncol. 1985;3:1013–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Raghavan D. Non-hormone chemotherapy for prostate cancer: principles of treatment and application to the testing of new drugs. Semin Oncol. 1988;15:371–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Petrylak D, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1513–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1502–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Slack NH. Results of chemotherapy protocols of the US National Prostatic Cancer Project (NPCP). Clin Oncol. 1983;2:441–59.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kelly WK, Scher HI, Mazumdar M. Prostate specific antigen as a measure of disease outcome in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:607–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sridhara R, Eisenberger MA, Sinibaldi V, et al. Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen as a surrogate marker for response of hormone-refractory prostate cancer to suramin therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2944–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bubley GJ, Carducci M, Dahut W, et al. Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3461–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Petrylak D, Ankerst DP, Jiang CS, et al. Evaluation of post treatment PSA declines for surrogacy using Prentice’s criteria in patients treated on SWOG 99–16. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:516–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Economos C, Morrissey C, Vessella RL. Circulating tumor cells as a marker of response: implications for determining treatment efficacy and evaluating new agents. Curr Opin Urol. 2012;22:190–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. DeBono JS, Scher HI, Montgomery BR, et al. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:6302–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Scher HI, Jia X, de Bono JS, et al. Circulating tumor cells as prognostic markers in progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer: a re-analysis of IMMC38 data. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:233–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Osoba D, Tannock IF, Ernst DS, Neville AJ. Health-related quality of life in men with metastatic prostate cancer treated with prednisone alone or mitoxantrone and prednisone. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1654–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stockler MR, et al. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1756–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Browman GP. Science, language, intuition, and the many meanings of quality of life. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1651–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Raghavan D, Coorey G, Rosen M, et al. Management of hormone-resistant prostate cancer: an Australian trial. Semin Oncol. 1996;23 Suppl 14:20–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kantoff PW, Halabi S, Conaway M, et al. Hydrocortisone with or without mitoxantrone in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: Results of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9182 study. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2506–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ernst DS, Tannock IF, Winquist EW, et al. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of mitoxantrone/prednisone and clodronate versus mitoxantrone/prednisone and placebo in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and pain. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3335–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Berry W, Dakhil S, Modiano M, et al. Phase III study of mitoxantrone plus low dose prednisone versus low dose alone in patients with asympotomatic, hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Urol. 2002;168:2451–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Raghavan D, Brandes LJ, Klapp K, et al. Phase II trial of tesmilifene plus mitoxantrone and prednisone for hormone refractory prostate cancer: high subjective and objective response in patients with symptomatic metastases. J Urol. 2005;174:1808–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Beer T, Raghavan D. Chemotherapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer: beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Prostate. 2000;45:184–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hudes GR, Nathan F, Khater C, et al. Phase II trial of 96-hour paclitaxel plus oral estramustine phosphate in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:3156–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Savarese D, Taplin ME, Halabi S, et al. A phase II study of docetaxel (Taxotere), estramustine, and low-dose hydrocortisone in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: preliminary results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B trial 9780. Semin Oncol. 1999;26 suppl 17:39–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Petrylak DP, Macarthur R, O’Connor J, et al. Phase I/II studies of docetaxel (Taxotere) combined with estramustine in men with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Semin Oncol. 1999;26(5 suppl 17):28–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kelly WK, Curley T, Slovin S, et al. Paclitaxel, estramustine phosphate, and carboplatin in patients with advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:44–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Urakami S, Igawa M, Kikuno K, et al. Combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel, estramustine and carboplatin for hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Urol. 2002;168:2444–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Raghavan D. Novel therapies for advanced prostate cancer – have we widened the goal posts too far? Ann Oncol. 2012;23:2473–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fizazi K, LeMaitre A, Hudes G, et al. Addition of estramustine to chemotherapy and survival of patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:994–1000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mita AC, Denis LJ, Rowinsky EK, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of XRP6258 (RPR116258A), a novel taxane, administered as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:723–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomized open-label trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;376:1147–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Galsky MD, Small EJ, Oh WK, et al. Multi-institutional randomized phase II trial of the epothilone B analog ixabepilone (BMS-247550) with or without estramustine phosphate in patients with progressive castrate metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1439–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hussain A, DiPaola RS, Baron AD, et al. Phase II trial of weekly patupilone in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:492–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:411–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Huber ML, Haynes L, Parker C, Iversen P. Interdisciplinary critique of sipuleucel-T as immunotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104:273–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kurzrock R, Sherman SI, Ball DW, et al. Activity of XL 184 (Cabozantinib), an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2660–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Smith DC, Smith MR, Sweeney C, et al. Cabozantinib in patients with advanced prostate cancer: results of a phase II randomized discontinuation trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:412–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang J, Halford S, Rigg A, et al. Adjuvant mitozantrone chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2000;86:675–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Flaig TW, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Randomization reveals unexpected acute leukemias in Southwest Oncology Group prostate cancer trial. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1532–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dreicer R, Magi-Galluzzi C, Zhou M, et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant docetaxel before radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer. Urology. 2004;63:1138–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Shepard DR, Dreicer R, Garcia J, et al. Phase II trial of NAB-paclitaxel in high risk patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2009;181:1672–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dreicer R, Garcia J, Rini B, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study with and without enzastaurin in combination with docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2013;31:1044–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA

    Derek Raghavan MD, PhD, FRACP, FACP, FASCO, Seungjean Chai MD & John Mahoney MD

Authors
  1. Derek Raghavan MD, PhD, FRACP, FACP, FASCO
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seungjean Chai MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John Mahoney MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Derek Raghavan MD, PhD, FRACP, FACP, FASCO .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Homerton University Hospital & Formerly St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom

    Vinod H. Nargund

  2. Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

    Derek Raghavan

  3. Radiation Oncology, Cedars Sinai Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Howard M. Sandler

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raghavan, D., Chai, S., Mahoney, J. (2015). Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer: Systemic Chemotherapy and a System Problem. In: Nargund, V., Raghavan, D., Sandler, H. (eds) Urological Oncology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-482-1_49

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-482-1_49

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-481-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-482-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation