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Colorectal Cancer: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity as a Prognostic Marker

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Colorectal Cancer

Part of the book series: Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis ((HAYAT,volume 4))

Glucose is an essential source of energy for mammalian cells with the end product of glycolysis being pyruvate. For every molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvate are produced, while two molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) are converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and two molecules of NAD+ transformed into NADH (dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). This step does not depend on the presence of oxygen. Pyruvate is subsequently used for further energy production.

The fate of pyruvate is dependent on the presence of oxygen. Under aerobic conditions pyruvate enters into the mitochondria for oxidation. At these organelles, the carbon atoms of the acetyl groups are liberated, via the Krebs (citric acid) cycle, as carbon dioxide, while the hydrogen atoms are transferred to the NAD+ which, in turn, is reduced to NADH. The NADH electrons are subsequently transported into a series of molecules forming the electron-transport chain, transferring their energy to ATP, the main source of cellular energy. Finally, electrons and protons are combined with oxygen to produce water. This pathway results in the largest possible number of ATP molecules, i.e., energy, that can be obtained from pyruvate.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tumor and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, P.O. Box 12, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece

    Michael I. Koukourakis

  2. Tumour and Angiogenesis Group, Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, P.O. Box 12, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece

    Alexandra Giatromanolaki & Efthimios Sivridis

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  1. Michael I. Koukourakis
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  2. Alexandra Giatromanolaki
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  3. Efthimios Sivridis
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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ, USA

    M. A. Hayat

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Koukourakis, M.I., Giatromanolaki, A., Sivridis, E. (2009). Colorectal Cancer: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity as a Prognostic Marker. In: Hayat, M.A. (eds) Colorectal Cancer. Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9545-0_15

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