Abstract
The dwarf marmoset, first described as Callithrix humilis by van Roosmalen et al. (Goeldiana Zoologia 22:1-27, 1998), proved to be so unusual that van Roosmalen and van Roosmalen (Neotrop Primates 11(1):1-10, 2003) soon renamed it as the new genus Callibella. Occupying a tiny and indeterminate range in the central Amazon, Callibella has never been systematically studied in the wild and presents enigmas in nearly every aspect of its biology. Here we detail the chronology of its discovery, note some of the unresolved questions regarding its biology, and compare its morphology with that of the other callitrichids. We analyzed quantitative cranial and mandibular characters of Callibella to determine if it could be distinguished from other callitrichids in a genus-level analysis. We found that Callibella is clearly distinct from all other genera, in particular in the morphology of the lower jaw. In addition, our analysis demonstrated a strong separation of Callimico from all other callitrichids, indicating that this genus is morphologically distinct from its closest relatives, the marmosets.
Resumen
El tità de corona negro, descrito por primera vez como Callithrix humilis por van Roosmalen et al. (1998), resultó ser tan inusual que van Roosmalen y van Roosmalen (2003) lo reclasificaron dentro de un nuevo género llamado Callibella. Callibella ocupa un área de distribución muy limitada e indeterminada en la AmazonÃa central, nunca ha sido estudiado sistemáticamente en vida silvestre, y presenta enigmas en cada aspecto de su biologÃa. Aquà detallamos la cronologÃa de su descubrimiento, mencionamos algunas preguntas sin resolver respecto a su biologÃa, y comparamos su morfologÃa con la de otros callitrÃcidos. Analizamos parámetros cuantitativos craneanos y mandibulares de Callibella para determinar si puede ser diferenciado de otros callitrÃcidos mediante un análisis a nivel de género. Encontramos como resultado que Callibella es claramente distinto de todos los demás géneros, especialmente en cuanto a la morfologÃa mandibular. Adicionalmente, nuestro análisis demostró una fuerte separación de Callimico de todos los demás callitrÃcidos, lo que sugiere que este género también es morfológicamente distinto de sus parientes más cercanos entre los monos titÃ.
Resumo
O sagüi-anão, originalmente descrito como Callithrix humilis por van Roosmalen et al. (1998), apresentou tão extraordinário que van Roosmalen e van Roosmalen (2003) o renomeiaram como o novo gênero Callibella. Ocupando uma área geográfica minúscula e mal-conhecida, Callibella nunca havia sido sistematicamente estudado no campo, e apresenta enigmas em quase todo aspeto da sua biologia. Aqui relatamos a história da sua descoberta, notamos algumas das perguntas persistentes sobre a biologia desta espécie, e fazemos uma comparação entre a morfologia de Callibella dos outros géneros dos calitriquÃdeos. Analisamos carácteres quantitativos do crânio e mandÃbula de Callibella para determinar se pudesse ser diferenciado dos outros calitriquÃdeos numa análise ao nivel dos gêneros. Os resultados indicaram que o sagüi-anão é bastante distinto de todos os outros gêneros, destacando a morfologia da mandÃbula. Além disso, a nossa análise demonstrou uma separação forte de Callimico de todos outros calitriquÃdeos, sugerindo que este gênero é também morfologicamente distinto do seus confamiliares mais próximos entre os sagüis.
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Notes
- 1.
Together with Marroig and Cheverud (Chap. 17, this volume), we are not convinced that the Amazonian marmosets merit a separate genus, but here we follow the convention established for this volume as a whole.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Susan Ford, Lesa Davis, and Leila Porter, organizers of the Marmoset and Callimico Symposium at the 2005 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropology, for inviting us to participate in the symposium and for the published volume which has resulted. We would also like to express our appreciation to M.G.M. van Roosmalen for making the type skull of Callibella humilis available to examine. Thanks are also due to José de Sousa e Silva Júnior and Suely Aguiar of the Museu Paraense EmÃlio Goeldi in Belém; João Oliveira of the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro; Mario de Vivo of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo; and the staff of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Amazônicas in Manaus, for access to their respective collections in Brazil.
The first author also appreciates the opportunity to examine specimens under the care of Linda Gordon and Richard Thorington, Jr. at the United States National Museum of Natural History; by Robert Randall at the American Museum of Natural History; by Maria Rutzmoser at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology; and by Bruce Patterson at the Field Museum. Additional thanks are also due to Olavi Grönwall of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Oslo, Sweden; Manfred Ade of the Humboldt Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany; the staff of the Museum National de Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France; and most especially Chris Smeenk of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijk Historie in Leiden, the Netherlands. This research was supported by a grant from the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation and by Conservation International, in cooperation with Fundação Biodiversitas in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.
The authors are also grateful to Colin Groves, Duane Schlitter, and Michael Willig for constructive comments on the details of marmoset morphology and statistical analysis, and we very much appreciate the assistance of Edward Lohnes and Karyn Tabor in preparing several of the figures. We are particularly grateful to Daniel Juhn and Kellee Koenig of Conservation International, who helped the first author to locate and manipulate the satellite imagery that became Fig. 18.1. We are also grateful to Stephen D. Nash, scientific illustrator for Conservation International, for his kind permission to use his excellent photographs of the type skull of Callibella. The first author also thanks Mariella Superina for her Spanish translation of our abstract. Finally, many thanks must go to Ilmar Bastos-Santos of Fundação Biodiversitas for his invaluable support, both personal and professional, of the first author’s research travel in Brazil.
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Aguiar, J.M., Lacher, T.E. (2009). Cranial Morphology of the Dwarf Marmoset Callibella in the Context of Callitrichid Variability. In: Ford, S., Porter, L., Davis, L. (eds) The Smallest Anthropoids. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_18
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