Skip to main content

Thyroid Autoantibody Measurement

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Thyroid Function Testing

Part of the book series: Thyroid Function Testing ((ENDO,volume 28))

Abstract

Thyroid dysfunction, a common condition affecting more women than men, develops in the majority secondary to a thyroid-specific autoimmune response. As with other autoimmune conditions, susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is thought to be influenced by an interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, in addition to endogenous factors such as age and sex [1, 2]. Infiltration of the thyroid gland by immune cells is a characteristic finding in ATD, associated with activation of both humoral and cellular immune responses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ajjan RA, Weetman AP. Autoimmune thyroid disease and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. In: Austin KF, Frank MM, Canton HI, Atkinson JP, Samter M, eds. Samter's Immunological Diseases. London, United Kingdom: Wolters Kulwar Company; 2001:605-626.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Weetman AP. Autoimmune thyroid disease: propagation and progression. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148:1-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Weetman AP. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1236-1248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Khoo TK, Bahn RS. Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy: the role of autoantibodies. Thyroid. 2007;17:1013-1018.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Weetman AP, McGregor AM. Autoimmune thyroid disease: developments in our understanding. Endocr Rev. 1984;5:309-355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Weetman AP, McGregor AM. Autoimmune thyroid disease: further developments in our understanding. Endocr Rev. 1994;15:788-830.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Muller AF, Drexhage HA, Berghout A. Postpartum thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis in women of childbearing age: recent insights and consequences for antenatal and postnatal care. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:605-630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Weetman AP. Cellular immune responses in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 2004;61:405-413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ajjan RA, Weetman AP. Cytokines in thyroid autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2003;36:351-359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Paschke R, Van Sande J, Parma J, Vassart G. The TSH receptor and thyroid diseases. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;10:9-27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. The molecular biology of thyroid peroxidase: cloning, expression and role as autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr Rev. 1992;13:192-206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Niccoli P, Fayadat L, Panneels V, Lanet J, Franc JL. Human thyroperoxidase in its alternatively spliced form (TPO2) is enzymatically inactive and exhibits changes in intracellular processing and trafficking. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:29487-29492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gardas A, Lewartowska A, Sutton BJ, Pasieka Z, McGregor AM, Banga JP. Human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) isoforms, TPO-1 and TPO-2: analysis of protein expression in Graves' thyroid tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3752-3757.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Vali M, Rose NR, Caturegli P. Thyroglobulin as autoantigen: structure-function relationships. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2000;1:69-77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gentile F, Conte M, Formisano S. Thyroglobulin as an autoantigen: what can we learn about immunopathogenicity from the correlation of antigenic properties with protein structure? Immunology. 2004;112:13-25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Why measure thyroglobulin autoantibodies rather than thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies? Thyroid. 2004;14:510-520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dohan O, De la Vieja A, Paroder V, et al. The sodium/iodide Symporter (NIS): characterization, regulation, and medical significance. Endocr Rev. 2003;24:48-77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Drexhage HA. Autoimmunity and thyroid growth. Where do we stand? Eur J Endocrinol. 1996;135:39-45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gilmour J, Brownlee Y, Foster P, et al. The quantitative measurement of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase by automated microparticle based immunoassays in Hashimoto's disease, Graves' disease and a follow-up study on postpartum thyroid disease. Clin Lab. 2000;46:57-61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Guilhem I, Massart C, Poirier JY, Maugendre D. Differential evolution of thyroid peroxidase and thyrotropin receptor antibodies in graves' disease: thyroid peroxidase antibody activity reverts to pretreatment level after carbimazole withdrawal. Thyroid. 2006;16:1041-1045.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Marino M, Chiovato L, Lisi S, Altea MA, Marcocci C, Pinchera A. Role of thyroglobulin in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy: the hypothesis of Kriss revisited. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27:230-236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bahn RS. TSH receptor expression in orbital tissue and its role in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27:216-220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Valyasevi RW, Erickson DZ, Harteneck DA, et al. Differentiation of human orbital preadipocyte fibroblasts induces expression of functional thyrotropin receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:2557-2562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kumar S, Coenen MJ, Scherer PE, Bahn RS. Evidence for enhanced adipogenesis in the orbits of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:930-935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Many MC, Costagliola S, Detrait M, Denef F, Vassart G, Ludgate MC. Development of an animal model of autoimmune thyroid eye disease. J Immunol. 1999;162:4966-4974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Prabhakar BS, Bahn RS, Smith TJ. Current perspective on the pathogenesis of Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy. Endocr Rev. 2003;24:802-835.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mizokami T, Salvi M, Wall JR. Eye muscle antibodies in Graves' ophthalmopathy: pathogenic or secondary epiphenomenon? J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27:221-229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bahn RS. Clinical review 157: pathophysiology of Graves' ophthalmopathy: the cycle of disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1939-1946.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 1977;7:481-493.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Tomer Y. Anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases: cross-reactive or pathogenic? Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;82:3-11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bogner U, Hegedus L, Hansen JM, Finke R, Schleusener H. Thyroid cytotoxic antibodies in atrophic and goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995;132:69-74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Song YH, Li Y, Maclaren NK. The nature of autoantigens targeted in autoimmune endocrine diseases. Immunol Today. 1996;17:232-238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ruf J, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Hegedus L, Ferrand M, Carayon P. Bispecific thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase autoantibodies in patients with various thyroid and autoimmune diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79:1404-1409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Wilson BE, Netzloff ML. Congenital hypothyroidism and transient thyrotropin excess: differential diagnosis of abnormal newborn thyroid screening. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1982;12:223-233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Smith BR, Hall R. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in Graves' disease. Lancet. 1974;2:427-431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Costagliola S, Morgenthaler NG, Hoermann R, et al. Second generation assay for thyrotropin receptor antibodies has superior diagnostic sensitivity for Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:90-97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Villalta D, Orunesu E, Tozzoli R, et al. Analytical and diagnostic accuracy of “second generation” assays for thyrotrophin receptor antibodies with radioactive and chemiluminescent tracers. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57:378-382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Paunkovic J, Paunkovic N. Does autoantibody-negative Graves' disease exist? A second evaluation of the clinical diagnosis. Horm Metab Res. 2006;38:53-56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Preissner CM, Wolhuter PJ, Sistrunk JW, Homburger HA, Morris JC III. Comparison of thyrotropin-receptor antibodies measured by four commercially available methods with a bioassay that uses Fisher rat thyroid cells. Clin Chem. 2003;49:1402-1404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Smith BR, Bolton J, Young S, et al. A new assay for thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies. Thyroid. 2004;14:830-835.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kamijo K, Ishikawa K, Tanaka M. Clinical evaluation of 3rd generation assay for thyrotropin receptor antibodies: the M22-biotin-based ELISA initiated by Smith. Endocr J. 2005;52:525-529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Atger M, Misrahi M, Young J, et al. Autoantibodies interacting with purified native thyrotropin receptor. Eur J Biochem. 1999;265:1022-1031.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zakarija M, McKenzie JM. Effect of thyrotropin and of LATS on mouse thyroid cyclic AMP. Metabolism. 1973;22:1185-1191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Stockle G, Wahl R, Seif FJ. Micromethod of human thyrocyte cultures for detection of thyroid-stimulating antibodies and thyrotrophin. Acta Endocrinol (Copenhagen). 1981;97:369-375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Toccafondi RS, Aterini S, Medici MA, Rotella CM, Tanini A, Zonefrati R. Thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSab) detected in sera of Graves' patients using human thyroid cell cultures. Clin Exp Immunol. 1980;40:532-539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Vitti P, Rotella CM, Valente WA, et al. Characterization of the optimal stimulatory effects of graves' monoclonal and serum immunoglobulin G on adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate production in fRTL-5 thyroid cells: a potential clinical assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;57:782-791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kasagi K, Konishi J, Iida Y, et al. A new in vitro assay for human thyroid stimulator using cultured thyroid cells: effect of sodium chloride on adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate increase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;54:108-114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Vitti P, Elisei R, Tonacchera M, et al. Detection of thyroid-stimulating antibody using Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with cloned human thyrotropin receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:499-503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Chiovato L, Vitti P, Bendinelli G, et al. Detection of antibodies blocking thyrotropin effect using Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the cloned human TSH receptor. J Endocrinol Invest. 1994;17:809-816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Murakami M, Miyashita K, Kakizaki S, et al. Clinical usefulness of thyroid-stimulating antibody measurement using Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human thyrotropin receptors. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995;133:80-86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Takano T, Sumizaki H, Amino N. Detection of thyroid-stimulating antibody using frozen stocks of Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with cloned human thyrotropin receptor. Endocr J. 1997;44:431-435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Watson PF, Ajjan RA, Phipps J, Metcalfe R, Weetman AP. A new chemiluminescent assay for the rapid detection of thyroid stimulating antibodies in Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1998;49:577-581.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hovens GC, Buiting AM, Karperien M, et al. A bioluminescence assay for thyrotropin receptor antibodies predicts serum thyroid hormone levels in patients with de novo Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 2006;64:429-435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Evans C, Morgenthaler NG, Lee S, et al. Development of a luminescent bioassay for thyroid stimulating antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:374-377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Costagliola S, Khoo D, Vassart G. Production of bioactive amino-terminal domain of the thyrotropin receptor via insertion in the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. FEBS Lett. 1998;436:427-433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chazenbalk GD, Latrofa F, McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Thyroid stimulation does not require antibodies with identical epitopes but does involve recognition of a critical conformation at the N terminus of the thyrotropin receptor A-subunit. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1788-1793.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Czarnocka B, Ruf J, Ferrand M, Carayon P, Lissitzky S. Purification of the human thyroid peroxidase and its identification as the microsomal antigen involved in autoimmune thyroid diseases. FEBS Lett. 1985;190:147-152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sinclair D. Clinical and laboratory aspects of thyroid autoantibodies. Ann Clin Biochem. 2006;43:173-183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Sinclair D. Analytical aspects of thyroid antibodies estimation. Autoimmunity. 2008;41:46-54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:489-499.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Zophel K, Saller B, Wunderlich G, et al. Autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) in a large population of euthyroid subjects: implications for the definition of TPOAb reference intervals. Clin Lab. 2003;49:591-600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Hoier-Madsen M, Bech K, et al. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in thyroid disorders and non-thyroid autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity. 1991;9:245-254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nordyke RA, Gilbert FI Jr, Miyamoto LA, Fleury KA. The superiority of antimicrosomal over antithyroglobulin antibodies for detecting Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:862-865.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Endo T, Kogai T, Nakazato M, Saito T, Kaneshige M, Onaya T. Autoantibody against Na+/I− symporter in the sera of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996;224:92-95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Seissler J, Wagner S, Schott M, et al. Low frequency of autoantibodies to the human Na(+)/I(−) symporter in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4630-4634.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ajjan RA, Kemp EH, Waterman EA, et al. Detection of binding and blocking autoantibodies to the human sodium-iodide symporter in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2020-2027.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Chin HS, Chin DK, Morgenthaler NG, Vassart G, Costagliola S. Rarity of anti- Na+/I− symporter (NIS) antibody with iodide uptake inhibiting activity in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3937-3940.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Tonacchera M, Agretti P, Ceccarini G, et al. Autoantibodies from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease do not interfere with the activity of the human iodide symporter gene stably transfected in CHO cells. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001;144:611-618.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ajjan RA, Weetman AP. Techniques to quantify TSH receptor antibodies. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4:461-468.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lavard L, Perrild H, Jacobsen BB, Hoier-Madsen M, Bendinelli G, Vitti P. Prevalence of thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin and thyrotropin receptor antibodies in a long-term follow-up of juvenile Graves disease. Autoimmunity. 2000;32:167-172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Vos XG, Smit N, Endert E, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM. Frequency and characteristics of TBII-seronegative patients in a population with untreated Graves' hyperthyroidism: a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 2008;69:311-317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Gerding MN, van der Meer JW, Broenink M, Bakker O, Wiersinga WM, Prummel MF. Association of thyrotrophin receptor antibodies with the clinical features of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 2000;52:267-271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Khoo TK, Bahn RS. Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy: the role of autoantibodies. Thyroid. 2007;17:1013-1018.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Khoo DH, Eng PH, Ho SC, et al. Graves' ophthalmopathy in the absence of elevated free thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels: prevalence, natural history, and thyrotropin receptor antibody levels. Thyroid. 2000;10:1093-1100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, et al. Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are independent risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy and help to predict severity and outcome of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3464-3470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 1995;43:55-68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fatourechi V. Subclinical hypothyroidism: how should it be managed? Treat Endocrinol. 2002;1:211-216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Martino E, Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Braverman LE. The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:240-254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Basaria S, Cooper DS. Amiodarone and the thyroid. Am J Med. 2005;118:706-714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Evans C, Jordan NJ, Owens G, Bradley D, Ludgate M, John R. Potent thyrotrophin receptor-blocking antibodies: a cause of transient congenital hypothyroidism and delayed thyroid development. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150:265-268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Bryant WP, Bergert ER, Morris JC. Identification of thyroid blocking antibodies and receptor epitopes in autoimmune hypothyroidism by affinity purification using synthetic TSH receptor peptides. Autoimmunity. 1995;22:69-79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Iitaka M, Kakinuma S, Yamanaka K, et al. Induction of autoimmune hypothyroidism and subsequent hyperthyroidism by TSH receptor antibodies following subacute thyroiditis: a case report. Endocr J. 2001;48:139-142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lazarus JH. Thyroid disorders associated with pregnancy: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Treat Endocrinol. 2005;4:31-41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lazarus JH, Premawardhana LD. Screening for thyroid disease in pregnancy. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58:449-452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Chan GW, Mandel SJ. Therapy insight: management of Graves' disease during pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3:470-478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Nayak B, Hodak SP. Hyperthyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007;36:617-56, v.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Klein RZ, Haddow JE, Faix JD, et al. Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 1991;35:41-46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Pop VJ, de Vries E, van Baar AL, et al. Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: a marker of impaired child development? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:3561-3566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Wasserman EE, Nelson K, Rose NR, et al. Maternal thyroid autoantibodies during the third trimester and hearing deficits in children: an epidemiologic assessment. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:701-710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H. Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2587-2591.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Glinoer D. Miscarriage in women with positive anti-TPO antibodies: is thyroxine the answer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2500-2502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hara T, Tamai H, Mukuta T, Fukata S, Kuma K. The role of thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) in the thyroid function of patients with post-partum hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 1992;36:69-74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hidaka Y, Tamaki H, Iwatani Y, Tada H, Mitsuda N, Amino N. Prediction of post-partum Graves' thyrotoxicosis by measurement of thyroid stimulating antibody in early pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 1994;41:15-20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sarlis NJ, Brucker-Davis F, Swift JP, Tahara K, Kohn LD. Graves' disease following thyrotoxic painless thyroiditis. Analysis of antibody activities against the thyrotropin receptor in two cases. Thyroid. 1997;7:829-836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Shorey S, Badenhoop K, Walfish PG. Graves' hyperthyroidism after postpartum thyroiditis. Thyroid. 1998;8:1117-1122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Harish K. Thyroglobulin: current status in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (review). Endocr Regul. 2006;40:53-67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Spencer CA, Lopresti JS. Measuring thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin autoantibody in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4:223-233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. A. Ajjan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ajjan, R., Weetman, A. (2010). Thyroid Autoantibody Measurement. In: Brent, G. (eds) Thyroid Function Testing. Thyroid Function Testing, vol 28. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1485-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1485-9_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1484-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1485-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics