Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Histopathology of Bladder Cancer

  • Chapter
Bladder Cancer

Part of the book series: Clinical Practice in Urology ((PRACTICE UROLOG))

Abstract

How patients with bladder cancer are managed depends to a great extent on the nature and degree of spread of the neoplasm; the surgical pathologist, therefore, has a crucial role to play in determining the most appropriate treatment in this group of conditions. The classification of tumours in clinical practice is based on the identification of histological type, the degree of differentiation that the tumour exhibits, i.e. its grade, and thirdly the extent of the tumour—that is to say its category or stage. The wide adoption of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Classification for the typing of tumours (Mostofi et al. 1973) and the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer Classification (UICC 1978; see also Table 6.1, p. 119) has greatly facilitated the exchange of information, not only between surgeons, clinical oncologists and pathologists, but also between treatment centres throughout the world. This means that it is possible to make valid comparisons of the results of various treatment schedules, which should lead to a steady improvement and refining of the management of this difficult form of cancer. What one is aiming to achieve is to base decisions about treatment on rational and objective criteria. In the case of bladder cancer—a disease of infinitely variable manifestations—it is especially important that one adheres to these complementary, internationally recognised systems of classification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abeshouse BS (1943) Exstrophy of the bladder complicated by adenocarcinoma of the bladder and renal calculi. J Urol 49: 259–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth RW, Gresham GA (1960) Primary choriocarcinoma of the urinary bladder in a male. J Pathol Bacteriol 79: 185–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Althausen AF, Prout GR, Daly JJ (1976) Non-invasive papillary carcinoma of bladder associated with carcinoma in situ. J Urol 116: 575–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne JW (1904) Manual of antenatal pathology and hygiene. The embryo. Green, Edinburgh, p 539

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman S, Javadpour N (1978) The cell surface antigen A, B or O (H) as an indicator of malignant potential in stage A bladder carcinoma: preliminary report. J Urol 119: 49–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braunstein GD, Vaitukaitis JL, Carbone PP, Ross GT (1973) Ectopic production of human chorionic gonadotrophin by neoplasms. Ann Intern Med 78: 39–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brawn PN (1982) The origin of invasive carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer 50: 515–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley CH, Fox H (1979) An immunohistochemical study of the significance of HCG secretion by large bowel adenocarcinomata. J Clin Pathol 32: 368–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Catalona WJ (1981) Practical utility of specific red cell adherence test in bladder cancer. Urology 18: 113–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chibber PJ, Mclntyre MA, Hindmarsh JR, Hargreave TB, Newsam JE, Chisholm GD (1981) Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate. Br J Urol 53: 605–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm GD, Hindmarsh JR, Howatson AG, Webb JN, Busuttil A, Hargreave TB, Newsam JE (1980) TNM (1978) in bladder cancer. Use and abuse. Br J Urol 52: 500–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Civantos F, Rywlin AM (1972) Carcinomas with trophoblastic differentiation and secretion of chorionic gonadotrophins. Cancer 29: 789–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constance TJ (1954) Localised myositis ossificans. J Pathol Bacteriol 68: 381–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooling CI (1959) Review of 150 post-mortems of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. In: Wallace DM (ed) Tumours of the bladder. Monographs on neoplastic disease, vol 2. Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 171–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombs RA, Bedford D, Rouillard MM (1956) A and B blood group antigens on human epidermal cells. Demonstrated by mixed agglutination. Lancet I: 461–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Cenzo JM, Howard P, Irish CE (1975) Antigenic deletion and prognosis of patients with stage A transitional cell bladder carcinoma. J Urol 114: 874–878

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimmette RM, Sproat HF, Sayegh ES (1956) The classification of carcinoma of the urinary bladder associated with schistosomiasis and metaplasia. J Urol 75: 680–686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg RB, Roth RB, Schweinberg MH (1960) Bladder tumors associated with proliferative mucosal lesions. J Urol 84: 544–550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Bolkainy MN, Chu EW, (eds) (1981) Detection of bladder cancer associated with schistosomiasis. The National Cancer Institute, Cairo University. Al-Ahram Press, Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Bolkainy MN, Ghoneim MA, Mansour MA (1972) Carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder in Egypt: clinical and pathological features. Br J Urol 44: 561–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Bolkainy MN, Tawfik HN, Kamel LA (1981a) Histopathologic classification of carcinomas in the schistosomal bladder. In: El-Bolkainy and Chu ( 1981 ) pp 106–123

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Bolkainy MN, Mokhtar MN, Ghoneim MA, Hussein MH (1981b) The impact of schistosomiasis on the pathology of bladder carcinoma. Cancer 48: 2643–2648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Said A, Omar S, Ibrahim S, Tawfik H, Eissa S, Ali I, Demerdash S, Badawi S, Medbed H, Manieh M (1979) Bilharzial bladder cancer in Egypt. A review of420 cases of radical cystectomy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 9: 117–122

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Sebai T (1981) Bladder cancer in Egypt: current clinical experience. In: El-Bolkainy and Chu ( 1981 ), pp 9–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmott RC, Javadpour N, Bergman SM, Soares T (1979) Correlation of the cell surface antigens with stage and grade in cancer of the bladder. J Urol 121: 37–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrow GM, Utz DC, Rife CC (1976) Morphological and clinical observations of patients with early bladder cancer treated with total cystectomy. Cancer Res 36: 2495–2501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldsbausch F (1900) Über das Vorkommen von eosinophilen Leucocyten in Tumoren. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 161: 1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fetter TH, Bogaev JH, McCuskey B, Seres JL (1959) Carcinoma of the bladder: sites of metastases. J Urol 81: 746–748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foulds L (1975) Neoplastic development 2. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedell GH, Bell JR, Burney SW, Soto EA, Tiltman AJ (1976) Histopathology and classification of urinary bladder carcinomas. Urol Clin North Am 3: 53–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedell GH, Parija GC, Nagy GK, Soto EA (1980) The pathology of human bladder cancer. Cancer 45: 1823–1831

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert HA, Logan JL, Kagan AR, Friedman HA, Cove JK, Fox M, Muldoon TM, Lonni YW, Rowe JH, Cooper JF, Nussbaum H, Chan P, Rao A, Starr A (1978) The natural history of papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and its treatment in an unselected population on the basis of histological grading. J Urol 119: 488–492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenner GG, Grimley PM (1974) Tumors of the extra-adrenal paraganglion system (including chemoreceptors). Atlas of tumour pathology, fascicle 9, 2nd ser. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton WJ, Boyd JD, Mossman HW (1972) Human embryology, 4th edn. Heffer, Williams and Wilkins, Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattori M, Yashimoto Y, Matsukura S, Fujita T (1980) Qualitative and quantitative analyses of human chorionic gonadotropin and its subunits produced by malignant tumors. Cancer 46: 355–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks RM, Chowaniec J (1978) Experimental induction, histology and ultra-structure of hyperplasia and neoplasia of the urinary bladder epithelium. In: Richter GW and Epstein MA (eds) International review of experimental pathology, 18. Academic, London, pp 199–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishak KG, le Golvan PC, El-Sebai I (1967) Malignant bladder tumors associated with bilharziasis: a gross and microscopic study. In: Mostofi FK (ed) Bilharziasis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakse G, Hofstädter F (1983) Investigation of ABH antigenicity of random mocosal biopsies and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 9: 97–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson JD, Lamm DL (1980) Prediction of bladder tumour invasion with mixed cell agglutination test. J Urol 123: 25–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura J, Machida S, Yoshida O, Oseko F, Imura H, Hattori M (1978) Bladder carcinoma associated with ectopic production of gonadotropin. Cancer 42: 2773–2780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay HEM, Wallace DM (1961) A and B antigens of tumors arising from urinary epithelium. J Natl Cancer Inst 26: 1349–1365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khagafy M, El-Bolkainy MN, Mansour MA (1972) Carcinoma of the bilharzial urinary bladder: A study of the associated mucosal lesions in 86 cases. Cancer 30: 150–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kishi K, Hirota T, Matsumoto K, Kakizoe T, Murase T, Fujita J (1981) Carcinoma of the bladder: A clinical and pathological analysis of 87 autopsy cases. J Urol 125: 36–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knappenberger ST, Uson AC, Melicow MM (1960) Primary neoplasms occurring in vesical 49 diverticula: a report of 18 cases. J Urol 83: 153–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koss LG (1975) Tumors of the urinary bladder. Atlas of tumor pathology, fascicle 11,2nd ser. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Koss LG (1979) Mapping of the urinary bladder. Its impact on the concepts of bladder cancer. Human Pathol 10: 533–548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koss LG, Melamed MR, Kelly RE (1969) Further cytologic and histologic studies of bladder lesions in workers exposed to para-aminodiphenyl. Progress report. J Natl Cancer Inst 43: 233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koss LG, Tiamson EM, Robbins MA (1974) Mapping cancerous and precancerous bladder changes: a study of the urothelium in 10 surgically removed bladders. JAMA 227: 281–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koss LG, Nakanishi I, Freed SZ (1977) Non-papillary carcinoma in situ and atypical hyperplasia in cancerous bladders. Further studies of surgically removed bladders by mapping. Urology 9: 422–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovarik S, Davidson I, Stejskal R (1968) ABO antigens in cancer. Detection with the mixed cell agglutination reaction. Arch Pathol 86: 12–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kretschmer HL (1940) Diverticula of the urinary bladder: a clinical study of 236 cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 71: 491–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange PH, Limas C, Fraley EE (1978) Tissue blood group antigens and prognosis in low stage transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 119: 52–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leestma JE, Price EB (1971) Paragangliomas of the urinary bladder. Cancer 28: 1063 - 1073

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limas C, Lange P (1982) A, B, H antigen detectability in normal and neoplastic urothelium. Influence of methodologic factors. Cancer 49: 2476–2484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mäkinen J, Collan Y, Heikkinen A (1978) Transitional cell tumours of the urinary bladder. The histological grade (WHO) and clinical stage (UICC). Eur Urol 4: 176–181

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melamed MR, Grabstald H, Whitmore WF (1966) Carcinoma in situ of bladder: clinico-pathologic study of case with suggested approach to detection. J Urol 96: 466–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melicow MM (1952) Histological study of vesical urothelium intervening between gross tumours in total cystectomy. J Urol 68: 261–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mostofi FK, Sesterhenn I (1978) Lymphocytic infiltration in relationship to urologic tumours. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 49: 133–141

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mostofi FK, Sorbin LH, Torloni H (1973) Histological typing of urinary bladder tumours. International classification of tumours, No. 10. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy WM, Irving CC (1981) The cellular features of developing carcinoma in murine urinary bladder. Cancer 47: 514–522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy WM, Soloway MS (1980) The effect of thio-tepa on developing and established mammalian bladder tumors. Cancer 45: 870–875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy WM, Soloway MS (1982) Urothelial dysplasia. J Urol 127: 849–854

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy WM, Soloway MS, Finebaum S (1981) Pathological changes associated with topical chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 126: 461–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadji M, Tabei SZ, Castro A, Chu TM, Morales AR (1980) Prostatic origin of tumours. An immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 73: 735–739

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newman AJ Jr, Carlton CE Jr, Johnson S (1980) Cell surface A, B or O (H) blood group antigens as an indicator of malignant potential in stage A bladder carcinoma. J Urol 124: 27–29

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pang LSC (1958) Bony and cartilaginous tumours of the urinary bladder. J Pathol Bacteriol 76: 357–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie JP, Blute RD, Waisman J (1980) Immunologic indicators of prognosis in bladder cancer: The importance of cell surface antigens. J Urol 123: 22–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen SW, Becker CE, Schlaff S, Easton J, Gluck MC (1968) Ectopic gonadotrophin production before clinical recognition of bronchogenic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 279: 640–641

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarma KP (1970) The role of lymphoid reaction in bladder cancer. J Urol 104: 843–849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner DG, Tift JP, Kaufman J J (1982) High dose, short course pre-operative radiation therapy and immediate single stage radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection in the management of bladder cancer. J Urol 127: 671–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JA, Whitmore WF (1981) Regional lymph node metastasis from bladder cancer. J Urol 126: 591–593

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soloway MS, Murphy W, Rav MK, Cox C (1978) Serial multiple-site biopsies in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 120: 57–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soto EA, Friedeil GH, Tiltman AJ (1977) Bladder cancer as seen in giant histologic sections. Cancer 39: 447–455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tefft M, Jaffe M (1973) Sarcoma of the bladder and prostate in children. Cancer 32: 1161–1177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UICC (1978) TNM classification of malignant tumours. UICC, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • UICC (1981) Skrabanek P, Walsh A (eds) Bladder cancer. UICC Technical Report Series, vol. 60. Workshop on the Biology of Human Cancer, Report no. 13. UICC, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Utz DC, Farrow GM, Rife CC, Sequra JW, Zincke H (1980) Carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Cancer 45: 1842–1848

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace DMA, Hindmarsh JR, Webb JN, Busuttil A, Hargreave TB, Newsam JE, Chisholm GD (1979) The role of multiple biopsies in the management of patients with bladder cancer. Br J Urol 51: 535–540

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg T (1939) Primary chorioepithelioma of the urinary bladder in a male. Am J Pathol 15: 783–795

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener DP, Koss LG, Sablay B, Freed SZ (1979) The prevalence and significance of Brunn’s nests, cystitis cystica and squamous metaplasia in normal bladders. J Urol 122: 317–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson EJ, Hause L (1974) The probability in lymph node sectioning. Cancer 33: 1269–1274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis RA (1967) Pathology of tumours, 4th edn. Butterworths, London, pp 480–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Young AK, Hammand E, Middleton AW Jr (1979) The prognostic value of cell surface antigens in low grade, non-invasive transition cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 122: 462–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. N. Webb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University of Berne, Inselspital, 3010, Berne, Switzerland

    E. J. Zingg MD (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

  2. Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Birmingham, England

    D. M. A. Wallace FRCS (Consultant Urologist) (Consultant Urologist)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Webb, J.N. (1985). The Histopathology of Bladder Cancer. In: Zingg, E.J., Wallace, D.M.A. (eds) Bladder Cancer. Clinical Practice in Urology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1362-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1362-1_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1364-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1362-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation