Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Human Aspects of Air Quality in the San Bernardino Mountains

  • Chapter
Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 134))

Abstract

The preceding chapters of this book have provided information on the ecological characteristics of the San Bernardino Mountains, as well as the effects of ozone and other air pollutants on vegetation and soil in the San Bernardinos, and additional interactions with air pollution and forest health. This chapter focuses on the human aspects of air quality in the San Bernardino Mountains because of the desired connection between available scientific information, wider understanding and acceptance of that information, and movement toward policy and behavioral changes necessary to act on scientific knowledge. Much of the literature has drawn on results from studies conducted in locations other than the San Bernardino Mountains. The author makes the assumption that the majority of findings from differing, or larger geographical regions are applicable to the San Bernardinos, the focus of this book. Where applicability is tenuous, it is so noted. Examining human—environment interactions was referred to by Stern (1993) as a critical second environmental science, wherein the linkages between human activity and environmental protection can be explored. A connection to perceptions of air quality and recreation is explored in the light of the significant resource production represented by recreation in the San Bernardino National Forest (as demonstrated by the reporting of more than 6 million recreation visitor-days in 1995 alone for the forest; USDA Forest Service 1996). An early proposal to further examine social and economic issues related to the San Bernardino Mountains is found in Taylor (1973), wherein valuable historical background of the area is provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Absher, J.; Winter, P.L. Evaluation of the 1995 eco-team program. Riverside, CA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. Seeing the parkland through the haze. Sci. News 143: 95; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aunan, K. Exposure-response functions for health effects of air pollutants based on epidemiological findings. Risk Anal. 16: 693–709; 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bae, C.C. Air quality and travel behavior: untying the knot. J. Amer. Planning Assoc. 59: 65–74; 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, P.A. It’s the economy psychologist! Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Convention, August, New York. Ft. Collins, CO: Colorado State University; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, P.A.; Greene, T.E.; Fisher, J.D.; Baum, A. Environmental psychology, 4th ed. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc.; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, P.A.; Malm, W.; Loomis, R.J.; McGlothin, G.E. Impact of impaired visibility on visitor enjoyment of the Grand Canyon: a test of an Ordered Logit Utility Model. Environ. Behav. 17: 459–474; 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borie, L. A tale of sites unseen. Sierra 73: 30–31, 33-36; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P.J.; Haas, G.E.; Manfredo, M.J. Identifying resource attributes providing opportunities for dispersed recreation. Final report. Ft. Collins, CO: College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Colorado State Univ.; 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, J.A.; Hendee, J.C.; Roggenbuck, J.W. 103 Wilderness laws: milestones and management direction in wilderness legislation, 1964-1987. Bull. 51. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunekreef, B.; Hoek, G.; Breugelmans, O.; Leentvaar, M. Respiratory effects of low-level photochemical air pollution in amateur cyclists. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 150: 962–966; 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castleman, M. A jog in the smog. Sierra 76:20; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, D.J.; Mainieri, T. Recreation day use series report 1: San Bernardino National Forest. Report submitted to the San Bernardino National Forest. Riverside, CA: USDA Forest Service, Southwest Pacific Research Station; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cialdini, R.B. Influence: science and practice, 2nd ed. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman/Little, Brown College Div.; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordell, H.K.; Bergstrom, J.C.; Hartmann, L.A.; English, B.K. An analysis of the outdoor recreation and wilderness situation in the United States: 1989–2040. A technical document supporting the 1989 USDA Forest Service RPA assessment. Gen. tech. rep. RM-189. Ft. Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craik, K.H.; Zube, E.H. Perceiving environmental quality, research and applications. New York: Plenum Press; 1976.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, T.C. Measuring the quality of the natural environment: a psychophysical approach. Am. Psychol. 45: 633–637; 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • deSteiguer, J.E.; Pye, J.M.; Love, C.S. Air pollution damage to U.S. forests: a survey of perceptions and estimates by scientists. J. For. 88(8): 17–22; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Young, R. Some psychological aspects of reduced consumption behavior: the role of intrinsic satisfaction and competence motivation. Environ. Behav. 28: 358–409; 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickenson, R.E. Wilderness values in the national parks. Wilderness Resource Distinguished Lectureship. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho Wilderness Research Center; 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, C.; Kingham, S. Establishing links between air quality and health: searching for the impossible? Soc. Sci. Med. 42: 831–841; 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, W.O.; Leeming, F.C.; Cobern, M.K.; Porter, B.E.; Jackson, J.M. Critical review of behavioral interventions to preserve the environment: research since 1980. Environ. Behav. 25: 275–321; 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eden, S.E. Individual environmental responsibility and its role in public environmentalism. Environ. Planning 25: 1743–1758; 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G.W. The psychological costs of chronic exposure to ambient air pollution. In: Isaacson, R.L.; Jensen, K.F.,eds. The vulnerable brain and environmental risks. vol. 3. Toxins in air and water. New York: Plenum Press; 1994: 167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G.W.; Jacobs, S.V. Air pollution and human behavior. In: Evans, G.W., ed. Environmental stress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1982: 105–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G.W.; Jacobs, S.V.; Frager, N.B. Behavioral responses to air pollution. In: Baum, A.; Singer, J.E., eds. Advances in environmental psychology. vol. 4. Environment and health. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1982: 237–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G.W.; Colome, S.D.; Shearer, D.F. Psychological reactions to air pollution. Environ. Res. 45: 1–15; 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, S.; Rambaldi, A. Willingness to pay for air quality: the case of outdoor exercise. Contemp. Policy Issues 11: 19–30; 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C.S. The urban experience. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, G.T.; Stern, P.C. Environmental problems and human behavior. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godlee, F. Air pollution: II-road traffic and modern industry. BMJ. 303: 1539–1543; 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, H., Jr.; Krishnareddy, S. How pollution and airborne allergens affect exercise. Physician Sportsmed. 23: 35–38, 39-42; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, G.E.; Hermann, E.; Walsh, R. Wilderness values. Natural Areas J. 6: 37–43; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, D.C.; Win, M.S.; Hall, J.V Air pollution impacts from demand-side management. Energy 20: 27–35; 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J.V. Assessing health effects of air pollution. Atmos. Environ. 30: 743–746; 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendee, J.C.; Stankey, G.H.; Lucas, R.C. Wilderness management. Golden CO: International Wilderness Leadership Foundation; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, M.R. Assessment of the economic costs of damage caused by air-pollution. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 2583–2588; 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, G.S. Thoughts on saving our planet: political, economic, cultural and bureaucratic impediments to ecological activism. Counseling Psychol. 21: 597–617; 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, R.B.; Ahtola, O.T. Consumer response to a five-year campaign to combat air pollution. J. Public Policy Marketing 10: 242–256; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kale, M. Wilderness and the human spirit. Am. For. 101: 39–43; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandier, O.; Innes, J.L. Air pollution and forest decline in central Europe. Environ. Pollut. 90: 171–180; 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S.; Talbot, J.F. Psychological benefits of a wilderness experience. In: Altman, I.; Wohlwill, J.F., eds. Behavior and the natural environment. New York: Plenum Press; 1983: 163–203.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kates, R.W. Experiencing the environment as hazard. In: Proshansky, H.M.; Ittelson, W.H.; Rivlin, L.G., eds. Environmental psychology, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston; 1976: 401–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucera, V.; Fritz, S. Direct and indirect effects on materials including cultural monuments. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 153–165; 1995

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackey, R.T. Ecological risk assessment. In: Molak, V., ed. Fundamentals of risk analysis and risk management. New York: CRC Press/Lewis Publishers; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latimer, D.A.; Hogo, H.; Daniel, T.C. The effects of atmospheric optical conditions on perceived scenic beauty. Atmos. Environ. 15:1865–1874; 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D.R. An economist’s perspective on air pollution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:1980–1982; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefohn, A.S.; Manning, WJ. Ozone exposures near class I wilderness areas in New Hampshire and Vermont. Atmos. Environ. 29: 601–606; 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieu, S.; Treyz, G.I. Estimating the economic and demographic effects of an air quality management plan: the case of southern California. Environ. Planning 24:1799–1811; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linn, X.; Polenske, K.R.; Robinson, K. Economic impact analyses in U.S. state and local air pollution control agencies: a survey. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc 44: 134–140; 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipfert, F.W. Air pollution and human health: perspectives for the ′90s and beyond. Risk Analysis 17: 137–146; 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, F. Urban ozone plumes and population distribution by income and race: a case study of New York and Philadelphia. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46: 207–215; 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mage, D.; Ozolins, G.; Peterson, P.; Webster, A.; Orthofer, R.; Vandeweerd, V.; Gwynne, M. Urban air pollution in megacities of the world. Atmos. Environ. 30: 681–686; 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malm, W.; Kelley, K.; Molenar, J.; Daniel, T. Human perception of visual air quality (uniform haze). Atmos. Environ. 15: 1875–1890; 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R.E.; Valliere, W.A. Environmental values, environmental ethics, and wilderness management. Int. J. Wilderness 2: 27–32; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, M. Evolving perspectives on wilderness values: putting wilderness values in order. In: Preparing to manage wilderness in the 21st century: proceedings of the conference, State Botanical Gardens, April 4-6. Gen. tech. rep. SE-66. Athens, GA: USDA, Southeastern Experiment Station; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIllvaine, R.W. Air pollution control and waste management in a new world. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 43: 293–297; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIllvaine, R.W. Air pollution challenges and forecasts. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 44: 248–252; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, S. The experience of living in cities. In: Proshansky, H.M.; Ittelson, W.H.; Rivlin, L.G., eds. Environmental Psychology, 2nd ed.: people and their physical settings. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1976: 494–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molenar, J.V.; Malm, W.C.; Johnson, C.E. Visual air quality simulation techniques. Atmos. Environ. 28: 1055–1063; 1994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T.M.; Loewen, L.J. Factors affecting perception of outdoor public environments. Perceptual Motor Skills 76: 139–146; 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oskamp, S. Attitudes and opinions, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantazopoulou, A.; Katsouyanni, K.; Kourea-Kremastinou, J.; Trichopoulos, D. Short-term effects of air pollution on hospital emergency outpatient visits and admissions in the greater Athens, Greece, area. Environ. Res. 69: 31–36; 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peltu, M. Risk perception and the real world. N. Scientist 1782:4; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rector, A.B. Towards the year 2000: critical issues in the global environment. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 42: 1573–1576; 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringquist, E.J. Is “effective regulation” always oxymoronic?: the states and ambient air quality. Soc. Sci. Q. 76: 69–87; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotton, J. (1993) Atmospheric and temporal correlates of sex crimes: endogenous factors do not explain seasonal differences in rape. Environ. Behav. 25: 625–642; 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotton, J.; Frey, J. Psychological costs of air pollution: atmospheric conditions, seasonal trends, and psychiatric emergencies. Pop. Environ. 7: 3–16; 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotton, J.; Frey, J. Air pollution, weather, and violent crimes: concomitant time-series analysis of archival data. J. Personality Soc. Psychol. 49: 1207–1220; 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, R.H. The 20-year history of the evolution of air pollution control legislation in the USA. Atmos. Environ. 27B: 15–22; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, V; Parikh, K. The environmental consequences of urban growth: cross-national perspectives on economic development, air pollution, and city size. Urban Geogr. 13: 422–449; 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slovic, P. Public perception of risk. Environ. Health 59: 22–23, 54; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, V.K. Nonmarket valuation of environmental resources: an interpretive appraisal. Land Econ. 69: 1–26; 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stamford, B. Exercise and air pollution. Physician Sportsmed. 18: 153–154; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, P.C. A second environmental science: human-environment interactions. Science 260:1897–1899; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, P.C. Understanding and overcoming barriers to pollution prevention. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Convention, August, New York. Washington, DC: National Research Council; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W.P.; Hull, R.B. Capturing the present moments of leisure: concerns of in situ research. Paper presented at the NRPA leisure research symposium, October 12-16, Minneapolis, MN. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University, and Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokols, D. Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: toward a social ecology of health promotion. Am. Psychol. 47: 6–22; 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D.; Winter, P. Environmental values, ethics and depreciative behavior. In: Chavez, D.J., tech. coord. Proceedings of the second symposium on social aspects and recreation research. Gen. tech. rep. PSW-156. Albany, CA: USDA, Pacific Southwest Research Station; 1995: 59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, O.C. Oxidant air pollutant effects on a western coniferous forest ecosystem: historical background and proposed systems study of the San Bernardino Mountain area. Riverside, CA: Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California; 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tingey, D.T.; Hodsett, W.E.; Henderson, S. Definition of adverse effects for the purpose of establishing secondary national ambient air quality standards. J. Environ. Qual. 19: 635–639; 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USDA, Forest Service. Rocky Mountain region annual report. Ft. Collins: USDA; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA, Forest Service. San Bernardino National Forest recreation use report, 1995. San Bernardino, CA: USDA; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA, Forest Service Recreation Staff. Ideas for wilderness information and education. Washington, DC: USDA; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDI. Descriptive analysis of the data from the Bryce Canyon National Park visitor survey. Washington, DC: Economic Staff, Office of Policy Analysis; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virden, R.J. A comparison study of wilderness users and nonusers: implications for managers and policymakers. J. Park Recreation Admin. 8: 13–24; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlek, C.A. Technical versus socio-behavioral solutions to environmental problems: psychology’s unexploited potential. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Convention, August, New York. The Netherlands: University of Groningen; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vob, A.; Schmid, G. Cost-effectiveness of air-pollution control measures. Energy 16: 1215–1224; 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, R.G.; Gillman, R.A.; Loomis, J.B. Wilderness resource economics: recreation use and preservation values. Ft. Collins, CO: Department of Economics, Colorado State University; 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, A.E.; Williams, D.R. Priorities for human experience research in wilderness. Trends 32: 14–18; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, R.C. Scientists must clarify the societal relevance of research. Scientist 8(3): 10; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, PL. Environmental concern and environmental action: how do recreationists fare? The sixth international symposium on society and resource management: social behavior, natural resources, and the environment, May 18-23, University Park, PA. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University; 1996a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, P.L. San Gorgonio Wilderness visitor survey. Technical report. Riverside, CA: USDA, Pacific Southwest Station; 1996b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, P.L.; Tocco, L. Capturing urban wilderness visitation on the San Gorgonio. Paper presented at the 4th international outdoor recreation and tourism trends symposium, St. Paul, MN, May 14-17. Riverside, CA: USDA, Pacific Southwest Station; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wondelleck, J.M.; Yaffee, S.L. Building bridges across agency boundaries: in search of excellence in the United States Forest Service. Ann Arbor, MI: School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Michigan; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zundel, T.; Rentz, O.; Dorn, R.; Jattke, A.; Wietschel, M. Control techniques and strategies for regional air pollution control from energy and industrial sectors. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 213–224; 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. P. L. Winter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Station, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA

    Paul R. Miller

  2. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Joe R. McBride

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Winter, P.L. (1999). Human Aspects of Air Quality in the San Bernardino Mountains. In: Miller, P.R., McBride, J.R. (eds) Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California. Ecological Studies, vol 134. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1436-6_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1436-6_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7143-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1436-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation