Skip to main content

Effect of Cholesterol-lowering Agents

  • Chapter
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Abstract

The relatively recent clinical observations that hypocholesterolemic drugs have an effect on the benign enlargement of the human prostate gland motivated the investigations into the possible role of cholesterol and its metabolism in the function of the prostate gland. The further possibility that cholesterol or some of its metabolites might also be more directly involved in the etiology of the human diseases benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostatic carcinoma was also worthy of additional consideration. Although cholesterol is recognized as an important and indispensible component of every living animal cell, its particular role, if any, and its metabolism in the prostate gland have never been previously considered in great depth. It was these particular considerations that led to the more recent discoveries of alterations in cholesterol metabolism in the aged and diseased human prostate gland.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aalkjaer V: Antimycotics in hypertrophy of the prostate. Urol Int 25: 196–199, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abrams PH: A double-blind trial of the effects of candicidin on patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Br J Urol 49: 67–71, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Acevedo HF, Campbell EA: Urinary cholesterol. III. Its excretion as a protein bound complex. Steroids 16: 569–577, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Acevedo HF, Campbell EA, Hayeslip DW, Gilmore J, Merkow LP, Frich JC Jr, Grauer RC: Urinary cholesterol. IV. Its excretion in women with neoplasms of the genital system. Obstet Gynecol 37:425–436, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Acevedo HF, Campbell EA, Saier EI, Frich JC Jr, Merkow LP, Haveslip DW, Bartok SP, Grauer RC, Hamilton JL: Urinary cholesterol. V. Its excretion in men with testicular and prostatic neoplasms. Cancer 32: 196–205, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Addleman W: Cancer, cholesterol and cholestyramine. N Engl J Med 287: 1047, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ames BN, McCann J, Yamasaki E: Method for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 31: 347–364, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson RU, Fair WR: Physical and chemical determinations of prostatic secretions in benign hyperplasia, prostatitis and adenocarcinoma. Invest Urol 14: 137–140, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Aringer L, Eneroth P: Formation and metabolism in vitro of 5,6-epoxides of cholesterol and β-sitosterol. J Lipid Res 15: 389–398, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Armenian HK, Lilienfeld AM, Diamond EL, Bross IDJ: Relation between benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate. Lancet 2: 115–117, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Assmann G, Fredrickson DS, Sloan HR, Fales HM, Highet RJ: Accumulation of oxygenated sterylesters in Wolman’s disease. J Lipid Res 16: 28–38, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Baulieu EE, Lasnitzki I, Robel P: Metabolism of testosterone and action of metabolites on prostate glands grown in organ culture. Nature 219: 1155–1156, 1974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Baulieu EE, Le Goascogne C, Groyer A, Feyel-Cabanes T, Robel P: Morphological and biochemical parameters of androgen effects on rat ventral prostate in organ culture. Vitam Horm 33: 1–38, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Beg ZH, Allman DW, Gibson DM: Modulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity with cAMP and with protein fractions of rat liver-cytosol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 54: 1362–1

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bhattacharyya AK, Connor WE: β-Sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis: a newly described lipid storage disease in two sisters. J Clin Invest 53: 1033–1043, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bischoff F: Carcinogenic effects of steroids. Adv Lipid Res 7: 165–244, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Black HS, Douglas DR: A model system for the evaluation of the role of cholesterol a-oxide in ultraviolet carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 32: 2630–2632, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Black HS, Lo W-B: Formation of a carcinogen in human skin irradiated with ultraviolet light. Nature 234: 306–308, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Blackburn GM, Rashid A, Thompson MH: Interaction of 5a, 6a-cholesterol oxide with DNA and other nucleophiles. Chem Commun, 420–421, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bourke JB, Griffin JP, Theodorides P: A double blind trial of a polyene macrolidenystatin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in man. Br J Urol 46: 463–466, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bowden JP, Muschik GM, Kawalek JC: The metabolic fate of cholesterol-5a,6a-epoxide in vivo. Lipids 14: 623–629, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Boyarsky S, Kissane J: Personal communication, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  23. Braunstein H: Staining lipid in carcinoma of the prostate gland. Am J Clin Pathol 41: 44–48, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bricker LA, Levey GS: Autonomous cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in hepatomas: deletion of the adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate control mechanism of normal liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 48: 362–365, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Burki K, Stoming TA, Bresnick E: Effects of an expoxide hydratase inhibitor on in vitro binding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to DNA and on skin carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 52: 785–788, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Butler M, Sawyer WK, Gianna T, Steinetz BG: Studies on the prostate glands of adult inbred LSH hamsters. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 149: 506–510, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Casella G: Terapia medica delPadenoma prostatico. Chir Gen 19: 1–43, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  28. Casella G: Trattamento orale delPipertrofia prostatica. Policlin Sez Med 77: 285–290, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Chan JT, Black HS: Skin carcinogenesis: cholesterol-5 a-epoxide hydrase activity in mouse skin irradiated with ultraviolet light. Science 186: 1216–1217, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chen TT, Heidelberger C: Cultivation in vitro of cells derived from adult C3H mouse ventral prostate. J Natl Cancer Inst 42: 903–914, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Chen TT, Heidelberger C: In vitro malignant transformation of cells derived from mouse prostate in the presence of 3-methyl-cholanthrene. J Natl Cancer Inst 42: 915–925, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chen HW, Heiniger HJ: Stimulation of sterol synthesis in peripheral leukocytes with leukemic mice. Cancer Res 34: 1304–1307, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chen HW, Kandutsch A A, Heiniger HJ, Meier H: Elevated sterol synthesis in lymphocytic leukemia cells from two inbred strains of mice. Cancer Res 33: 2774–2778, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chicoye E, Powrie WD, Fennema O: Isolation and characterization of cholesterol-5β,6β-oxide from an aerated aqueous dispersion of cholesterol. Lipids 3: 335–339, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chopra DP, Wilkoff LJ: β-Retinoic acid inhibits and reverses testosterone-induced hyperplasia in mouse prostate organ cultures. Nature 265: 339–341, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Coffey DS, Shimazaki J, Williams-Ashman HG: Polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides in relation to androgen-induced prostatic growth. Arch Biochem Biophys 124: 184–198, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Colmore JP, Norrby AS, Vloedmare DA, Schween HH, Nakano J, Dubowski KM: DH-581, a new cholesterol lowering agent. Int Cong Pharmacol 4: 405, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  38. Connor WE: Dietary sterols: their relationship to atherosclerosis. J Am Diet Assoc 52: 202–208, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Daley JW, Jerina DM, Witkop B: Arene oxides and the N1H shift: the metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity of aromatic compounds. Experientia 28: 1129–1264, 1972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Dietschy JM, Siperstein MD: Effect of cholesterol feeding and fasting on sterol synthesis in seventeen tissues of the rat. J Lipid Res 8: 97–104, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ebbinghaus KD: Die konservative Therapie des Prostata-Adenoms. Munch Med Wochenschr 116: 2209–2212, 1974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ebbinghaus KD, Baur MP: Ergebnisse einer Doppelblindstudie über die Wirksamkeit eines Medikamentes zur konservativen Behandlung des Prostata-Adenoms. Z Allg Med 53: 1054–1058, 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Edward CN, Steinthorsson E, Nicholson D: An autopsy study of latent prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 6: 531–554, 1953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Eliasson R: Cholesterol in human semen. Biochem J 98: 242–243, 1966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Farquhar JW, Smith RE, Dempsy ME: The effect of beta-sitosterol on the serum lipids of young men with arteriosclerotic heart disease. Circulation 14: 77–82, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Fioriti JA, Buide N, Sims RJ: Deposition of dietary epoxides in tissues of rats. Lipids 4: 142–146, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fioriti JA, Kanuk MJ, George M, Sims RJ: Metabolic fate of epoxycholesterol in the rat. Lipids 5: 71–75, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fioriti JA, Sims RJ: Autoxidation products of cholesterol. J Am Oil Chem Soc 44: 221–224, 1967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Fraley EE, Ecker S: Spontaneous in vitro neoplastic transformation of adult human prostatic epithelium. Science 170: 540–542, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Fraley EE, Paulson DF: Morphological and bio-chemical studies of virus (SV40) transformed prostatic tissue. J Urol 101: 735–739, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Franks LM: Latent carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 15: 236–249, 1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fürbringer P: Untersuchungen über die Herkunft und klinische Bedeutung der Sogen: Spermakrystalle nebst Bemerkungen über die Componenten des menschlichen Samens und die Prostatorrhoe. Z Klin Med 3: 287–316, 1881

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gittes RF, McCullough DL: Occult carcinoma of the prostate: an oversight of immune surveillance—a working hypothesis. J Urol 112: 241–244, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Glatt HR, Oesch F, Frigerio A, Garattini S: Epoxides metabolically produced from some known carcinogens and from some clinically used drugs. I. Differences in mutagenicity. Int J Cancer 16: 787–797, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Goldblatt MW: Constituents of human seminal plasma. Biochem J 29: 1346–1357, 1935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Goldstein NI: Cholesterol synthesis in the prostate gland and its relationship to benign prostatic hyperplasia. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  57. Gordon HW, Schaffner CP: The effect of polyene macrolides on the prostate gland and canine pros-tatic hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 60: 1201–1208, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gould RG, Jones RJ, LeRoy GV, Wissler RW, Taylor CB: Absorbability of ß-sitosterol in humans. Metabolism 18: 652–662, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Grant JK, Giorgi EP: The study of the prostate in vitro by continuous flow incubation. In Williams DC, Briggs MH, Stanford M (eds.): Advances in the Study of the Prostate. Heinemann, London, 1970,

    Google Scholar 

  60. Gray MF, Lawrie TDV, Brooks CJW: Isolation and identification of cholesterol a-oxide and other minor sterols in human serum. Lipids 6: 836–843, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Greenwald P, Damon A, Kirmiss V, Polan AK: Physical and demographic features of men before developing cancer of the prostate. J Natl Cancer Inst 53: 341–346, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Greenwald P, Kirmiss V, Polan AK, Dick VS: Cancer of the prostate among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 53: 335–340, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Grundy SM, Ahrens EH Jr, Salen G: Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in men: comparative effects of cholestyramine and ileal exclusion on cholesterol metabolism. J Lab Clin

    Google Scholar 

  64. Grundy SM, Ahrens EH Jr, Salen G, Schreibman PH, Nestel PJ: Mechanisms of action of Clofibrate on cholesterol metabolism in patients with hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 13: 531–551, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hashim SA, van Itallie TB: Cholestyramine resin therapy for hypercholesterolemia. JAMA 192: 289–293, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Heidelberger C, Iype PT: Malignant transformation in vitro by carcinogenic hydrocarbons. Science 155: 214–217, 1967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Homburger F: Personal communication, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  68. Homburger F, Nixon CW: Cystic prostatic hypertrophy in two inbred lines of Syrian hamsters. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 134: 284–286, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hwang K-K, Kelsey MI: Evidence of epoxide hydrase activity in human intestinal microflora. Cancer Biochem Biophys 3: 31–35, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Imai H, Werthessen NT, Subramanyam V, Le-Quesne PW, Soloway AH, Kanisawa M: Angio-toxicity of oxygenated sterols and possible precursors. Science 207: 651–653, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Jackson J: Personal communication, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  72. Jones IS: Personal communication, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  73. Kadis B: Steroid epoxides in biologic systems: a review. J Steroid Biochem 9: 75–81, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kandutsch AA, Chen HW, Heiniger H-J: Biological activity of some oxygenated sterols. Science 201: 498–501, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kelsey MI, Pienta RJ: Transformation of hamster embryo cells by cholesterol a-epoxide and lithocholic acid. Cancer Lett 6: 143–149, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Keshin JG: Effect of candicidin on the human hypertrophied prostate gland. Int Surg 58: 116–122, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kljucharev BY, Berman NA, Ivanov NM, Margolin AM, Mikhailets GA: The early results in using levorin in patients with prostatic adenoma. Vopr Onkol 18: 36–41, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kljucharev BV, Mikhailets GA, Berman NA, Ivanov NM, Margolin AM: Therapeutic action of levorin in adenoma of the prostate. Urol Nefrol (Mosk) 38: 40–43, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  79. Kravchenko LS, Oksman AY, Konstantinova IM, Tereshin IM: Study of levorin effect on chromatin of dog prostate in its hypertrophy. Antibiotiki 24: 212–217, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Lacassagne A, Buu-Hoi NP, Zajdela F: Carcinogenic activity of apocholic acid. Nature 190: 1007–1008, 1961

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lampen JO, Arnow PM, Borowska Z, Laskin AI: Location and role of sterol at nystatin-binding sites. J Bacteriol 84: 1152–1160, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lange J, Muret P: Experimentation clinique du V 1326 dans troubles prostatiques. Bordeaux Med 11: 2807–2809, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  83. Lechevalier H, Acker RF, Corke CT, Haenseler CM, Waksman SA: Candicidin, a new antifungal antibiotic. Mycologia 45: 155–171, 1953

    Google Scholar 

  84. Levin W, Thomas PE, Korzeniowski D, Scifried H, Jerina DM, Lu AYH: Liver microsomal epoxide hydrase: activation, inhibition, and immunological properties of the purified enzyme. Mol Pharmacol 14: 1107–1120, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lhez A, Lequevague G: Essai clinique d’un nouveau complexe lipido-sterolique d’origine vegetale dans le traitement de Padenome prostatique. Vie Med 2: 5399–5404, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  86. Liang T, Liao S: A very rapid effect of androgen on initiation of protein synthesis in prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 706–709, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Liao S, Leininger KR, Sagher D, Barton RW: Rapid effect of testosterone on ribonucleic acid polymerase activity on rat ventral prostate. Endocrinology 77: 763–765, 1965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Littman ML, Taguchi T, Mosbach EH: Effect of cholesterol-free, fat-free diet and hypocholes- teremic agents on growth of transplantable animal tumors. Cancer Chemother Rep 50: 25–45, 1966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Lo W-B, Black HS: Formation of cholesterol-derived photoproducts in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 58: 278–283, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Lo W-B, Black HS: Inhibition of carcinogen formation in skin irradiated with ultraviolet light. Nature 246: 489–491, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Lunglmayr G, Spona J: Effect of polyene macrolide compounds on plasma cholesterol and luteinizing hormone in man. Int Urol Nephrol 5: 223–227, 1973

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Lupulescu A: Enhancement of carcinogenesis by prostaglandins. Nature 272: 634–636, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Mallouh C, Goldstein NL, Keshin JG, Pellman CM, Schaffner CP: Cholesterol in the prostate. I. Qualitative and quantitative analysis—clinical implications. Abstr, 71st Annual Meeting, American Urol, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  94. Mangan FR, Pegg AE, Mainwaring WIP: Effect of cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate on the function and morphology of the rat prostate gland. Biochem J 134: 129–142, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. McCan J, Choi E, Yamasaki E, Ames BN: Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 5135–5139, 1975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Mechlinski W, Schaffner CP: Characterization of aromatic heptaene macrolide antibiotics by high performance liquid chromatography. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 33: 591–599, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Miettinen TA: Mode of action of a new hypocholesteraemic drug (DH-581) in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 15: 163–176, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Mikhailets GA, Ivanov NM, Slonitskaya NN: Effect of levorin and amphotericin B on albino rat prostate and cholesterol levels in blood serum. Antibiotiki 17: 802–806, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Miller NE, Clifton-Bligh P, Nestel PJ: Effects of colestipol, a new bile acid-sequestering resin on cholesterol metabolism in man. J Lab Clin Med 82: 876–890, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Miyao N: Male accessory sexual organs and lipid. I. Cholesterol and phospholipid in the prostatic secretion and tissue. Acta Urol Jpn 11: 1197–1202, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  101. Moon KH, Bunge RG: Observations on the biochemistry of human semen. 4. Cholesterol. Fertil Steril 21: 80–83, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Murphy GP, Williams PD, Yamanaka H, Chu M: The effects of cholestyramine on prostatic function. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 6: 1027–1032, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Orkin LA: Efficacy of candicidin in benign prostate hypertrophy. Urology 4: 80–84, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Osafune M, Usami M, Miki T, Nakano E, Matsuda M, Kotake T, Sonoda T, Wada F: Physiologic regulation of cholesterol synthesis in rat prostate. Jpn J Urol 71: 437–448, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Pacholok S: Personal communication, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  106. Parson PG, Goss P: Chromosome damage and DNA repair induced in human fibroblasts by UV and cholesterol oxide. Aust J Exp Biol Med 56: 287–296, 1978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Petrakis NL: Breast secretory activity in nonlactating women, post partum breast involution, and epidemiology of breast cancer. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 47: 161–164, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Petrakis NL, Gruenke LD, Craig JC. Cholesterol and cholesterol-a-epoxide in human breast se-cretions. Cancer Detect Prevent 3: 133, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  109. Petrakis NL, Gruenke LD, Craig JC: Cholesterol and cholesterol epoxides in nipple aspirates of human breast fluid. Cancer Res 41: 2563–2565, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Petrakis NL, Maach CA, Lee RE, Lyon M: Mutagenic activity in nipple aspirates of human breast fluid. Cancer Res 40: 188–189, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Plenge C: Uber Lipoide und Pigmente der Prostata des Menschen. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 253: 665–678, 1924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Posner C, Scheffer W: Beiträge zur klinischen Mikroskopie und Mikrophotographie. Berl Klin Wochenschr 46: 254–257, 1909

    Google Scholar 

  113. Raskin P, McGarry JD, Foster DW: Independence of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis from cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration in the perfused rat liver. J Biol Chem 249: 6029–6039, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Reddy BS, Watanabe K: Effect of cholesterol metabolites and promoting effect of lithocholic acid in colon carcinogenesis in germ-free and conventional F344 rats. Cancer Res 39: 1521–1524, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Reddy BS, Wynder EL: Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer: fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in colon cancer patients and patients with adenomatous polyps. Cancer 39: 2533–2539, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Rich RA: On the frequency of occurrence of occult carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 33: 215–223, 1935

    Google Scholar 

  117. Robb CA, Carrol PT, Langston JB, Zellers RL: Evidence that nutritional state and well-being are involved in the prostate response to certain polyene macrolides. Invest Urol 9: 47–54, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Robel P, Lasnitzki I, Baulieu EE: Hormone metabolism and action: testosterone and metabolites in prostate organ culture. Biochimie 53: 81–96, 1971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Rotkin ID: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, and carcinogenesis. Lancet 2: 359–360, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Saba P, Galeone F, Salvadorini F, Guarguaglini M: Effectiveness of simfibrate (Cholesolvin®) in the treatment of hyperlipemia. Curr Ther Res 22: 741–750, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  121. Salel AF, Zelis R, Sodhi HS, Price J, Mason DT: Probucol: a new cholesterol-lowering drug effective in patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 20: 690–694, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Sanford EJ, Geder L, Laychock A, Rohner TJ Jr, Rapp F: Evidence for the association of cytomegalovirus with carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 118: 789–792, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Schaffner CP: Prostatic cholesterol metabolism: regulation and alteration. Prog Clin Biol Res 75A: 279–324, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  124. Schaffner CP: The biochemical implications of polyene macrolide sterol interaction. Proc IVIFS: Ferment Technol Today, 1972, pp 393–399

    Google Scholar 

  125. Schaffner CP, Brill DR, Singhai AK: Presence of epoxycholesterols in the aging human prostate gland as a risk factor in cancer. Cancer Detect Prevent 3: 134, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  126. Schaffner CP, Brill DR, Singhai AK, Bonner DP, Goldstein NI, Wang GM: Absence of cholesterogenesis regulation in the liver and prostate of the BIO 87.20 hamster. Lipids 16: 835 - 840, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Schaffner CP, Gordon HW: The hypocholesterolemic activity of orally administered polyene macrolides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 61: 36–41, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Schultz A: Eine Methode des Mikrochemische Cholesterinnachweises am Gewebschnitt. Centrale Allg Pathol Pathol Anat 35: 314–317, 1924–1925

    Google Scholar 

  129. Scott WW: The lipids of the prostatic fluid, seminal plasma, and enlarged prostate gland of man. J Urol 53: 712–718, 1945

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Sevanian A, Mead JF, Stein RA: Epoxides as products of lipid autoxidation in rat lungs. Lipids 14: 634–643, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Silverman DA, Liao S, Williams-Ashman HG: Influence of testosterone and polyuridylic acid on the incorporation of phenylalanine into peptide linkage by prostatic ribosomes. Nature 199: 808–809, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  132. Singhal AK: Cholesterol metabolism and its regulation in rat ventral prostate. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  133. Singhal AK, Bonner DP, Schaffner CP: Kinetics of testosterone induced cholesterol synthesis in rat ventral prostate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 159: 1–5, 1978

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Singhal AK, Brill DR, Schaffner CP: Effect of Clofibrate on cholesterol and DNA synthesis in rat ventral prostate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 160: 405–409, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Singhal AK, Mosbach EH, Schaffner CP: Effect of candicidin on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in the rat. Lipids 16: 423–426, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Singhal AK, Schaffner CP: In vitro effect of testosterone and cAMP on cholesterol synthesis in rat ventral prostate. Proc Exp Biol Med 164: 45–50, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Singhal RL, Thomas JA, Sutherland DJB: Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate-adenyl cyclase system in prostate gland and other androgen-dependent tissues. In Goland M (ed.): Normal and Abnormal Growth of the Prostate. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1974, pp 445–93

    Google Scholar 

  138. Singhal RL, Vijayvargiya R, Ling GH: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate: andromimetic action on seminal vesicular enzyme. Science 168: 261–263, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Siperstein MD: Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in normal and malignant tissues. Curr Top Cell Regul 2: 65–100, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Siperstein MD, Fagan VM: Deletion of the cholesterol-negative feedback system in liver tumors. Cancer Res 24: 1108–1115, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Smith CG, Thomas JA, Mawhinney MG, Lloyd JW: Effect of testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the in vitro synthesis of labelled cyclic adenosine nucleotide (c-AMP-H3) by sex accessory organs of reproduction. Fed Proc 31: 295, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  142. Smith LL, Kulig MJ: Sterol metabolism. XXXIV. On the derivation of carcinogenic sterols from cholesterol. Cancer Biochem Biophys 1: 79–84, 1975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Smith LL, Smart VA, Ansari GAS: Mutagenic cholesterol preparations. Mutat Res 68: 23–30, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Sporer A, Brill DR, Schaffner CP: Epoxycholesterols in the secretions and tissues of normal, be-nign and cancerous human prostate glands. Urology 20: 244–250, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Sporer A, Cohen S, Kamat MH, Seeboda JJ: Candicidin: physiological effect on prostate. Urology 6: 298–305, 1975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Swyer GIM: The cholesterol content of normal and enlarged prostates. Cancer Res 2: 372–375, 1942

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Tereshin IM: Polyene Antibiotics—Present and Future. E. R. Squibb Lectures on Chemistry of Microbial Products. Univ Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1976, pp 136–142

    Google Scholar 

  148. Tessler AN: Candicidin for benign prostate hypertrophy (letter). Urology 4: 494, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Texter JH, Coffey DS: The effects of amphotericin B on prostatic and testicular function in the dog. Invest Urol 7: 90–106, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Theodorides P, Bourke JB, Griffin JP: Evaluation of a polyene macrolide: nystatin. Proc R Soc Med 65: 130–131, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Thomas J-P, Rouffilange F: Action du Tadenan sue Padenome prostatique: a propos de 32 observations. Rev Int Services Santé Armees Terre Mer Air 43: 43–45, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  152. Thompson H: The Diseases of the Prostate. Lea, Philadelphia, 1873, p 308

    Google Scholar 

  153. Tsai LS, Ijichi K, Hudson CA, Meehan JJ: A method for the quantitative estimation of cholesterol a-oxide in eggs. Lipids 15: 124–128, 1980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Viollet G: Experimentation clinque d’un nouveau traitement de l’adenome prostatique. Vie Med 43: 3457–3458, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  155. Waksman SA, Lechevalier HA, Schaffner CP: Candicidin and other polyenic antifungal antibiotics—a review. Bull WHO 33: 219–226, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Wang GM, Schaffner CP: Effect of candicidin and colestipol on the testes and prostate glands of BIO 87.20 hamsters. Invest Urol 14: 66–71, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Watabe T, Kanai M, Isobe M, Ozawa N: Cholesterol α- and β-epoxides—as obligatory intermediates in the hepatic microsomal metabolism of cholesterol to cholestanetriol. Biochem Biophys 161. Acta 619: 414–419, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Watabe T, Kanai M, Isobe M, Ozawa N: The hepatic microsomal biotransformation of Asteroids to 5α,6β-glycols via α- and β-epoxides. J. Biol Chem 256: 2900–2907, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Watabe T, Sawahata T: The recently proposed 20,22-epoxycholesterol as the intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by adrenal cortex mitochondria must be 5α,6α-epoxy-cholestan-3β-ol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 83:1396–1403, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  160. Winningham DG, Nemoy NJ, Stamey TA: Diffusion of antibiotics from plasma into prostatic fluid. Nature 219: 139–143, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Yamamoto C, Miyoshi T, Namikawa K, Onoe Y: Effect of polyene macrolide administration on prostatic hypertrophy. Bull Urol Soc 18: 45–51, 1972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Yamanaka H, Shimazaki J, Koya A, Mayuzumi T, Imai K, Yoshikazu I, Shida K: Effect of hypolipidemia on testosterone-stimulated prostatic growth in castrated rats. Endocrinol Jpn 24: 213–217, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schaffner, C.P. (1983). Effect of Cholesterol-lowering Agents. In: Hinman, F., Boyarsky, S. (eds) Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5476-8_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5476-8_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5478-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5476-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics