Abstract
The search for answers to questions about crime and attempts to control it eventually leads most researchers to data about its nature and distribution. Investigators who study crime or social problems have long sought out data necessary to frame or revise research questions, test hypotheses, or interpret findings.1 Today, data sources are used to unravel the reasons for crime or deviance, determine the impact of crime prevention or rehabilitation programs, assess changes in crime or crime rates, model the careers of offenders, estimate the risk of victimization, determine defendant dispositions after arrest, and address numerous other questions.
… no people, ever, have been more diligent in counting themselves, their opinions, conditions, and behaviors. The largest behavioral science studies in terms of numbers of subjects, numbers of tests, and money expended have been American, and no other land tries to tally such a grand range of activities—from tax filings to bedroom pleasures. (G. Nettler, 1989, p. 36)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bachman, G.G., Green, S., & Wirtanen, I.D. (1970). Youth in transition: Vol. II. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
Bachman, G.G., Green, S., & Wirtanen, I.D. (1971). Youth in transition: Vol. III. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
Bachman, G.G., O’Malley, P.M., & Johnston, J. (1978). Youth in transition: Vol. IV. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
Bachman, G.G. (1987). Monitoring the Future. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
Biderman, A.D., & Reiss, A., Jr. (1967). On exploring the “dark figure” of crime. The Annals, 374, 1–15.
Black, D., & Reiss, A., Jr. (1970). Police control of juveniles. American Sociological Review, 35, 63–77.
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J. Roth, J.A., & Vishor, C.A. (Eds.). (1988). Criminal careers and “career criminals.” Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Boland, B., Conly, C.H., Warner, L., Sones, R., & Martin, W. (1989). The pro-secution of felony arrests, 1986. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Booth, A., Johnson, D.R., and Choldin H. (1977). Correlates of city crime rates: Victimization surveys versus official statistics. Sociological Quarterly, 21, 391–401.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1988). Criminal victimization 1987. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1989). The redesigned National Crime Survey: Selected new data. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Cantor, D., & Cohen, L.E. (1984). Comparing measures of homicide trends: Methodological and substantive differences in the Vital Statistics and Uniform Crime Report Time Series (1933–1975). Social Science Research, 9, 121–145.
Decker, S.H. (1977). Official crime rates and victim surveys: An empirical com-parison. Criminal Justice, 5, 47–54.
Dodge, R.W., & Lentzner, H.R. ( 1978, August 14–17). Patterns of Personal Series Incidents in the National Crime Survey. Paper presentd at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, San Diego, CA.
Elliott, D.S., & Ageton, S.S. (1978). Reconciling differences in estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 43, 95–110.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1988a). Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1988b). Uniform crime reporting: National Incident-Based Reporting System. Volume I: Data collection guidelines. Washing-ton DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1989). Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Feeney, F.F., Dill, F., & Weir, A. (1982). Arrests without conviction: How often they occur and why. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Forst, B., Lucianovic, J., & Cox, S.J. (1977). What happens after arrest? Washington, DC: Institute for Law and Social Research.
Gold, M., & Reimer, D.J. (1974). Changing patterns of delinquent behavior among Americans 13 to 17 years old-1972. Report Number 1 of the National Survey of Youth, 1972. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
Gottfredson, M., & Gottfredson, D. (1988). Decisionmaking in criminal justice ( 2nd ed. ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Gove, W.R., Hughes, M., & Geerken, M. (1985). Are Uniform Crime Reports a valid indicator of the Index crimes? An affirmative answer with minor qualifications. Criminology, 23, 451–501.
Hindelang, M.J. (1974). The Uniform Crime Reports revisited. Journal of Criminal Justice, 2, 1–17.
Hindelang, M.J., Hirschi, T., & Weis, J.G. (1979). Correlates of delinquency: The illusion of discrepancy between self-report and official measures. American Sociological Review, 44, 995–1014.
Hirschi, (1969). Causes of Delinquency. University of Calfornia Press.
Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D.S. (1984). Self-reported measures of delinquency and crime: Methodological issues and comparative findings. Boulder, CO: Behavioral Research Institute.
Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D.S. (1987). Juvenile offenders: Prevalence, offender inci-dence and arrest rates by race. Crime and Delinquency, 33, 206–223.
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. (1986). Directory of criminal justice data collections in the United States. Ann Arbor: Author.
Jackson, P.G. (1988). Assessing the validity of official data on arson. Criminology, 26, 181–195.
Kempf, K.L. (1989). Hirschi’s control theory: Is it fertile but not yet fecund? Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology Meetings, Chicago.
Lehnen, R.G., & Skogan, W.G. (Eds.). (1981). The National Crime Survey: Working papers. Volume I: Current and historical perspectives. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Lundman, R., Sykes, R., & Clark, J. (1978). Police control of juveniles: A replica-tion. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 15, 74–91.
Maltz, M.D. (1977). Crime statistics: A historical perspective. Crime and Delinquency, 23, 32–40.
Menard, S. (1987). Short-term trends in crime and delinquency: A comparison of UCR, NCS and self-report data. Justice Quarterly, 4, 455–474.
Menard, S. (1988). UCR and NCD: Comparisons over space and time. Journal of Criminal Justice, 16, 371–384.
Messner, S.F. (1984). The “dark figure” and composite indexes of crime: Some empirical exploration of alternative data sources. Journal of Criminal Justice, 12, 435–444.
Moll, K.D. (1974). Arson, vandalism and violence: Law enforcement problems affecting fire departments. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. (1931). Report on criminal statistics. Report No. 3. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Institute of Justice. (1987). Data Resources of the National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Nettler, G. (1989). Criminology lessons. Cincinatti, Ohio: Anderson Publishing Co.
O’Brien, R. (1985). Crime and victimization data. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Osgood, D.W., O’Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Johnson, L.D. (1989). Time trends and age trends in arrests and self-reported illegal behavior. Criminology, 27, 389–418.
Piliavin, I., & Briar, S. (1964). Police encounters with juveniles. American Journal of Sociology, 70, 206–214.
Porter, T.M. (1986). The rise of statistical thinking 1820–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Porterfield, A. (1946). Youth in trouble. Fort Worth, TX: Leo Potishman Foundation.
Reiss, A.J., Jr. (1971). The police and the public. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Reiss, A.J., Jr. (1978). Final report for analytical studies of victimization in crime using National Crime Survey data. New Haven: Yale University, Institute for Policy Studies.
Savitz, L.D. (1982). Official statistics. In L.D. Savitz and N. Johnston (Eds.), Contemporary criminology (pp. 4–15 ). New York: Wiley.
Schwartz, I. (1988). In-justice for juveniles: Rethinking the best interests of the child. Lexington Books.
Sellin, T. (1951). The significance of records of crime. The Law Quarterly Review, 67, 489–504.
Skogan, W. (1976). Crime and crime rates. pp. 27–41. In W. Skogan (Ed.), Sample surveys of victims of crime. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Skogan, W. (1981). Issues in the Measurement of Victimization. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1981). National Crime Surveys: National Sample, 1973–1979. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Ann Arbor.
U.S. Senate Subcommittee. (1978). Arson-for-Hire. Proceedings of the 62nd Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Vera Institute of Justice. (1977). Felony arrests: Their prosecution and disposition in New York City’s courts (Monograph). New York: Author.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jackson, P.G. (1990). Sources of Data. In: Kempf, K.L. (eds) Measurement Issues in Criminology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9009-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9009-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-97260-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9009-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive