Abstract
All organisms are tied together in a number of ways, with energy acquisition being paramount. Some organisms are meat-eaters, or carnivores, that feed on plant-eaters, or herbivores. Most species, however, are omnivores, feeding on both animals and plants. Of the many foods available to a given animal, which are selected and which are not? Decisions may vary and be related to food availability, ease of capture, or nutritive value. Except when young (Yahner 1978c), an animal cannot spend considerable time sampling food; there are limits in time and energy involved with food capture, handling, and ingesting.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Beier P (1991) Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Wildl Soc Bull 19:403–412
Berger J (2007) Fear, human shields and the redistribution of prey and predators in protected areas. Biol Lett 3(6):620–623
Bratton SP (1980) Impacts of white-tailed deer on the vegetation of Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Proc Ann Conf Southeast Assoc Fish Wildl Agencies 33:305–312
Brown JL (1973) The evolution of behavior. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, New York, 76 pp
Campbell JM (1993) Effects of grazing by white-tailed deer on a population of Lithospermum caroliniense at Presque Isle. J PA Acad Sci 67:103–108
Chapman RC (1978) Decimation of a wolf pack in arctic Alaska. Science 201:365–367
Cheng R-C, Tso I-M (2007) Signaling by decorating webs: luring prey or deterring predators? Behav Ecol 18:1085–1091
Compton JA (2007) Ecology of common raccoons (Procyon lotor) in western Pennsylvania as related to an oral rabies vaccination program. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Conover MR (1997) Monetary and intangible valuation of deer in the United States. Wildl Soc Bull 25:298–305
Dijak WD, Thompson FR III (2000) Landscape and edge effects on the distribution of mammalian predators in Missouri. J Wildl Manage 64:209–216
Dudley JP, Ginsber JR, Plumptre AJ, Hart JA, Campos LC (2002) Effects of war and civil strife on wildlife and wildlife habitats. Conserv Biol 16:319–329
Earle SA (1979) The Gentle whales. Nat Geogr Mag 155(1):2–17
Ewer RF (1973) The carnivores. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
Fox JE (1982) Adaptation of gray squirrel behavior to autumn germination by white oak acorns. Evolution 36:800–809
Fox D (2003) More than meets the eye: behavior and conservation. Conserv Pract 4(3):20–29
Franzreb KE (1983) A comparison of avian foraging behavior in unlogged and logged mixed-coniferous forest. Wilson Bull 95:60–76
Friar JL, Merrill EH, Allen JR, Boyce MS (2007) Know thy enemy: experience affects elk translocation in risky landscapes. J Wildl Manage 71:541–554
Geist V (2008) The danger of wolves. Wildl Prof 2(4):34–35
Goodenough McGuire, Wallace J, McGuire B, Wallace RA (2001) Perspectives on animal behavior, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, 542 pp
Guidetti P (2007) Potential of marine reserves to cause community-wide changes beyond their boundaries. Conserv Biol 21:540–545
Herrero S (1989) The role of learning in some fatal grizzly bear attacks on people. In: Bear-people conflicts. Proceedings of a symposium on management strategies. Northwest Territories Department of Natural Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, NT, pp 9–14
Herrero S, Smith T, DeFruyn TD, Gunther K, Matt CA (2005) From the field: brown bear habituation to people—safety, risks, and benefits. Wildl Soc Bull 33:362–373
Hill EP (1982) Beaver. In: Chapman JA, Feldhamer GA (eds) Wild mammals of North America. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Johnson WC, Adkisson CS (1986) Airlifting the oaks. Nat Hist 95:40–47
Johnson BE, Cushman JH (2006) Influence of a large herbivore reintroduction on plant invasions and community composition in a California grassland. Conserv Biol 21:515–526
Krebs JR (1978) Optimal tactics of reproduction and life-history. In: Krebs JR, Davies NB (eds) Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, MA, pp 23–63
MacDonald DW (1976) Food caching by red foxes and some other carnivores. Zeit Fur Tierpsychol 42:170–185
Mahan CG, Yahner RH (1999) Effects of forest fragmentation on behaviour patterns in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). Can J Zool 77:1991–1997
McFarland D (1999) Animal behaviour: psychology, ethology, and evolution, 3rd edn. Pearson/Prentice Hall, Harlow
Morse DH (1970) Ecological aspects of mixed-species foraging flocks of birds. Ecol Monogr 40:119–168
Morse DH (1980) Behavioral mechanisms in ecology. The Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 383 pp
Ofcarcik RP, Burns EE (1971) Chemical and physical properties of selected acorns. J Food Sci 36:576–578
Penny D, Ortuño VM (2006) Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae). Biol Lett 2:447–450
Peterson RO, Page RE (1988) The rise and fall of the Isle Royale wolves, 1975–1986. J Mammal 69:89–99
Risenhoover KL, Peterson RO (1986) Mineral licks as a sodium source for Isle Royale moose. Oecologia 71:121–126
Rogers LL (1980) Inheritance of coat color and changes in pelage coloration in black bears in northeastern Minnesota. J Mammal 61:324–327
Rollfinke BF, Yahner RH (1990) Effects of time of day and season on winter bird counts. Condor 92:215–219
Rusch DH, Meslow EC, Doerr PD, Keith LB (1972) Response of great horned owl populations to changing prey populations. J Wildl Manage 36:282–296
Scott DP, Yahner RH (1989) Winter habitat and browse use by snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, in a marginal habitat in Pennsylvania. Can Field Nat 103:560–563
Servello FA, Hellgreen EC, McWilliams SR (2005) Techniques for wildlife nutritional ecology. In: Braun CE (ed) Techniques for wildlife investigations and management. Port City Press, Baltimore, pp 554–590
Shew JJ (2006) American crow caches rabbit kits. Wilson J Ornithol 118(7):572–573
Smith CC (1968) The adaptive nature of social organization in the genus of tree squirrels Tamiasciurus. Ecol Monogr 38:31–63
Smith TA, Herrero S, Debruyn TD, Wilder JM (2008) Efficacy of bear deterrent spry in Alaska. J Wildl Manage 72:640–645
Steele MA, Wauters LA, Larsen KW (2005) Selection, predation and dispersal of seeds by tree squirrels in temperate and boreal forests: are tree squirrels keystone granivores? In: Forget J-M, Forget P-M, Lambert JE, Hulme PE, Vander Wall SB (eds) Seed fate: predation, dispersal, and seedling establishment. CAB International Wallingford, Oxon, pp 205–221
Sweanor LL, Logan KA, Bauer JW, Millsap B, Boyce WM (2008) Puma and human spatial and temporal use of a popular California State park. J Wildl Manage 72:1076–1084
Thomas KR (1974) Burrow systems of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus pipilans Lowery) in Louisiana. J Mammal 55:454–459
Vander Wall SB (1990) Food hoarding in animals. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Czaplewski NJ (2000) Mammalogy. Saunders, New York, 565 pp
Vecellio GM, Yahner RH, Storm GL (1994) Crop damage by deer at Gettysburg Park. Wildl Soc Bull 22:89–93
Vickery PD (2002) Effects of the size of prescribed fire on insect predation of north blazing star, a rare grassland perennial. Conserv Biol 16:413–421
Weidensaul S (2007) The last gladiators. Conserv Mag 8(3):19–21
Yahner RH (1975) The adaptive nature of scatter hoarding in the eastern chipmunk. Ohio J Sci 75:176–177
Yahner RH (1978c) The sequential organization of behavior in Tamias striatus. Behav Biol 24:229–243
Yahner RH (1980a) Time budgets in captive Reeve’s muntjacs (Muntiacus reevesi). Appl Anim Ethol 6:277–284
Yahner RH (1987) Use of even-aged stands by winter and spring bird communities. Wilson Bull 99:218–232
Yahner RH (2000) Eastern deciduous forest: ecology and wildlife conservation, 2nd edn. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
Yahner RH (2001) Fascinating mammals: conservation and ecology in the mid-eastern States. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA
Yahner RH, Scott DP (1988) Effects of forest fragmentation on depredation of artificial nests. J Wildl Manage 52:158–161
Yahner RH, Wright AL (1985) Depredation on artificial avian ground nests: effects of edge and age of small aspen plots. J Wildl Manage 49:510–515
Zug GR, Vitt LJ, Calwell JP (2001) Herpetology, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yahner, R.H. (2012). Food-Acquisition Systems. In: Wildlife Behavior and Conservation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1518-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1518-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1515-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-1518-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)