Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Applications of Neuromodulation: Neurostimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Comprehensive Treatment of Chronic Pain by Medical, Interventional, and Integrative Approaches

  • 4246 Accesses

Abstract

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), formerly termed reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), was introduced in 1994 by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). CRPS comprises two syndromes: type I, representing reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and type II referring to causalgia. The hypothesis of sympathetically maintained pain (SMP), introduced by Roberts in 1986, represents a phenomenon that may be present in both syndromes and can be confirmed, when present, by sympathetic blockade.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Evans J. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Surg Clin North Am. 1946;26:780.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Merskey H, Bogduk N, editors. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Seattle: IASP Press; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Stanton-Hicks M, Janig W, Hassenbusch SJ, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain. 1995;3:127–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Roberts WJ. A hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pains. Pain. 1986;24(3):297–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Harden RN, Bruehl SP. Chapter 4: Diagnostic criteria: the statistical derivation of the four criterion factors, page 49: Table II. Factors (and factor loadings) resulting from principal components factor analysis of diagnostic and associated signs and symptoms of CRPS. In: Wilson PR, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden RN, editors. CRPS: current diagnosis and therapy, Progress in pain research and management, vol. 32. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005. p. 45–58.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RS, et al. Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the “Budapest Criteria”) for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [page 274]. Pain. 2010;150:268–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hilten JJ, Blumberg H, Schwartzman R. Chapter 8: Factor IV: movement disorders and dystrophy—pathophysiology and measurement, page 120: Table 1. Prevalence of movement disorders in CRPS. In: Wilson P, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden RN, editors. CRPS: current diagnosis and therapy, Progress in pain research and management, vol. 32. Seattle: IASP Press; 1999. p. 120–37.

    Google Scholar 

  8. van Hilten J, Blumberg H, Schwartzman RJ. Factor IV: movement disorders and dystrophy – pathophysiology and measurement. In: Wilson PR, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden RN, editors. CRPS: current diagnosis and therapy, Progress in pain research and management, vol. 32. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005. 8:119–138.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Wolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science. 2000;288(5472):1765–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Oaklander AL. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy for CRPS and related conditions. In: Wilson PR, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden RN, editors. CRPS: current diagnosis and therapy, Progress in pain research and management, vol. 32. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005. 12:181–200.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Oakley JC. Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain. In: Follett KA, editor. Neurosurgical pain management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 131–44.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Kumar K, Hunter G, Demeria D. Spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic benign pain: challenges in treatment planning and present status, a 22 year experience. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(3):481–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Schoppa AD, et al. Long-term peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:415–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kemler MA, Barendse GAM, van Kleef M, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:618–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kemler MA, De Vet HC, Barendse GA, et al. Effect of spinal cord stimulation for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type I: five-year final followup of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2008;108:292–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladleif HU, et al. The response of neuropathic pain and pain in complex regional pain syndrome I to carbamazepine and sustained-release morphine in patients pretreated with spinal cord stimulation: a double-blind randomized study. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(2):488–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Simpson EL, Duenas A, Holmes MW, Papaioannou D, Chilcott J. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain of neuropathic or ischemic origin: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2009;13(17):iii, ix–x, 1–154.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Prager JP, Chang JH. Transverse tripolar spinal cord stimulation produced by a percutaneously placed triple lead system. Presented at the international neuromodulation society world pain congress, San Francisco, 2000 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  19. North RB, Shipley J. The neuromodulation therapy access coalition. Practice parameters for the use of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Med. 2007;8:S200–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Doleys DM, Olson K. Psychological assessment and intervention in implantable pain therapies. Minneapolis: Medronic Neurologic; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  21. North RB, Kidd DH, Shipley J, Taylor RS. Spinal cord stimulation versus reoperation for failed back surgery syndrome: a cost effectiveness and cost utility analysis based on a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(2):361–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Prager JP. Neurostimulation in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome [Box 28.2, page 391]. In: Krames ES, Peckham PH, Rezai AR, editors. Neuromodulation, vol. 2. Oxford: Elsevier; 2009. p. 385–95.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Prager JP, Jacobs M. Evaluation of patients for implantable pain modalities: medical and behavioral assessment. Clin J Pain. 2001;3:206–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Turk DC, Gatchel R, editors. Psychological approaches to pain management, a practitioners’ handbook. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Publication; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomized controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Pain. 2007;132(1–2):179–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. North RB, Kidd DH, Zahurak M, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic, intractable pain: two decades’ experience. J Neurosurg. 1993;32:384–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. May MS, Banks C, Thomson SJ. A retrospective, long-term, third-party follow-up of patients considered for spinal cord stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2002;5(3):137–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. North RB, Kidd DH, Olin J, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for axial back pain: a prospective controlled trial comparing 16-contact electrode arrays with 4-contact percutaneous electrodes. Neuromodulation. 2006;9(1):56–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Oakley JC, Weiner RL. Spinal cord stimulation of complex regional pain syndrome: a prospective study of 19 patients at two centers. Neuromodulation. 1999;2:47–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Long DM, Erickson DE. Stimulation of the posterior columns of the spinal cord for relief of intractable pain. Surg Neurol. 1975;4:134–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. North RB, Kidd DH, Farrokhi F, Piantadosi S. Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(1):98–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kumar K, Wilson JR. Factors affecting spinal cord stimulation outcome in chronic benign pain with suggestions to improve success rate. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(PT1):91–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Burchiel K, Anderson VC, Brown FD, et al. Prospective, multicenter study of spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic back and extremity pain. Spine. 1996;21(23):2786–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Turner JA, Loeser JD, Bell KG. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic low back pain: a systematic literature synthesis. Neurosurgery. 1995;37:1088–98; discussion 1095–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Stanton-Hicks M, Burton AW, Bruehl SP, et al. An updated interdisciplinary clinical pathway for CRPS: report of an expert panel. Pain Pract. 2002;2:1–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Croom JE, Foreman RD, Chandler MJ, et al. Cutaneous vasodilation during dorsal column stimulation is mediated by dorsal roots and CGRP. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:H950–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Linderoth B, Fedoresak I, Meyerson BA. Peripheral vasodilation after spinal cord stimulation: animal studies of putative effector mechanisms. Neurosurgery. 1991;28:187–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Barolat G, Massaro F, He J, et al. Mapping of sensory responses to epidural stimulation of the intraspinal neural structures in man. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:233–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dubuisson D. Effect of dorsal-column stimulation on gelatinosa and marginal neurons of cat spinal cord. J Neurosurg. 1989;70:257–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Roberts MHT, Rees H. Physiological basis of spinal cord stimulation. Pain Rev. 1994;1:184–98.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Foreman RD, Linderoth B, Ardell JL, et al. Modulation of intrinsic cardiac neurons by spinal cord stimulation: implications for its therapeutic use in angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47:367–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. North RB, Kidd DH, Olin J, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain: a prospective, controlled trial comparing dual with single percutaneous electrodes. Spine. 2005;30(12):1412–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. North RB, Kidd DH, Olin J, Sieracki JN. Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: prospective randomized controlled trial comparing percutaneous and laminectomy electrodes: part I: technical outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(2):381–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. North RB, Ewend MG, Lawton MT, Piantadosi S. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic, intractable pain: superiority of “multichannel” devices. Pain. 1991;44:119–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Stanton-Hicks M. Plasticity of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in children. Pain Med. 2010;11:1216–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Prager JP, Stanton-Hicks M. Chapter 41: Neurostimulation. In: Cousins M, editor. Cousins and Bridenbaugh’s neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and pain medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. p. 948–90.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ohnmeiss DD, Rashbaum RF, Bogdanffy GM. Prospective outcome evaluation of spinal cord stimulation in patients with intractable leg pain. Spine. 1996;21(11):1344–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Barolat G, Singh-Sahni K, Staas WE, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of spasms in spinal cord injury: a prospective study. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1995;64(3):153–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Budd K. Spinal cord stimulation: cost-benefit study. Neuromodulation. 2002;5(2):75–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kumar K, Malik S, Demeria D. Treatment of chronic pain with spinal cord stimulation versus alternative therapies: cost-effectiveness analysis. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(1):106–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Taylor RS, Van Buyten JP, Buchser E. Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of the clinical and cost-effectiveness literature and assessment of prognostic factors. Eur J Pain. 2006;10(2):91–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kemler MA, Furnee CA. Economic evaluation of spinal cord stimulation for chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology. 2002;59:1203–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bell GKK, Kidd DH, North RB. Cost-effectiveness analysis of spinal cord stimulation in treatment of failed back surgery syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997;13(5):286–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pain Management, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, C-25, Clevland, OH, 44195, USA

    Michael Stanton-Hicks M.D., MBBS, FRCA, ABPM, FIPP

  2. Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Michael Stanton-Hicks M.D., MBBS, FRCA, ABPM, FIPP

Authors
  1. Michael Stanton-Hicks M.D., MBBS, FRCA, ABPM, FIPP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Stanton-Hicks M.D., MBBS, FRCA, ABPM, FIPP .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Center for Pain Relief, Inc., West Virginia University, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, 25301, West Virginia, USA

    Timothy R. Deer

  2. Stanford Pain Management Center, Redwood City, CA, Clinic Chief, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94065, California, USA

    Michael S. Leong

  3. Department of Anesthesiology, Rush Medical College, Professor, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, Illinois, USA

    Asokumar Buvanendran

  4. Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, 17033-0850, Pennsylvania, USA

    Vitaly Gordin

  5. Center for Interventional Pain and Spine, Newark, DE USA, Medical Director, Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, 19010, Pennsylvania, USA

    Philip S. Kim

  6. President, National Institute of Pain, Tampa, 33558, Florida, USA

    Sunil J. Panchal

  7. The LITE Center, Clinical Associate Professor, Medical Director, School of Medicine, Miami, 33143, Florida, USA

    Albert L. Ray

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 American Academy of Pain Medicine

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stanton-Hicks, M. (2013). Clinical Applications of Neuromodulation: Neurostimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. In: Deer, T., et al. Comprehensive Treatment of Chronic Pain by Medical, Interventional, and Integrative Approaches. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1560-2_63

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1560-2_63

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1559-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-1560-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation