Abstract
The massive scale of drying operations in many food processing industries makes this unit operation an important one to focus on in the development of “greener” food production and processing practices. Drying techniques and equipment used by many industries today are characterized by high energy consumption and relatively low thermal efficiency. In this chapter, each step of a typical food dehydration process, that is (1) wet feed pretreatment, (2) preparing (mostly heating) of the drying agent, (3) drying process, (4) maximal retrieval of the dry product, and (5) heat recovery from the exhaust gases, is discussed in detail. Because drying is associated with high investment costs and high energy consumption, elimination of the drying operation from the production process, or its replacement with lower-energy consuming operations, are primary recommendations. If this is not possible, reduction of the initial moisture content of the wet feed (thickening, preconcentration, preforming, etc.), use of environmentally friendly energy sources and energy-efficient drying installations and maximal recovery of energy from exhaust gases are recommended. Reduction or elimination of environmental pollution by complete recovery of finished dry product from exhaust gases is another important issue that needs to be considered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ABB Group. 2005. Saving energy at a malting plant in Finland. www.abb.com. Accessed 15 Dec 2010.
Bansal, N.K., and H.P. Garg. 1987. Solar crop drying. In Advances in drying, vol. 4, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Washington: Hemisphere.
Barbosa-Canovas, G.V., and H. Vega-Mercado. 1996. Dehydration of foods. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Bhuyan, M. 2007. Measurement and control in food processing. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Bolin, H.R., and D.K. Salunkhe. 1982. Food dehydration by solar energy. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 16: 327–353.
Carnegie, E.J. 1991. Solar fruit drying. In Solar energy in agriculture, ed. B.F. Parker. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
Cohen, J., and T.C.S. Yang. 1995. Osmotic dehydration and its application in nutrient infusion of various foods. Report No. TR-95/034, U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA.
Cook, E.M., and H.D. DuMont. 1991. Process drying practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Danilov, O.L., and B.I. Leontchik. 1986. Energeticzna ekonomija w termicznoj suszkie (Energy economics in thermal drying). Moscow, Russia: Energoatomizdat.
Fernandes, F.A.N., and S. Rodrigues. 2007. Ultrasound as pre-treatment for drying of fruits: Dehydration of banana. Journal of Food Engineering 82: 261–267.
Flink, J.M. 1977. Energy analysis in dehydration processes. Food Technology 1977: 77–84.
Gardiner, S.P. 1997. Dryer operation and control. In Industrial drying of foods, ed. C.G.J. Baker. London, UK: Blackie Academic & Professional.
Grabowski, S., and M. Marcotte. 2003. Pretreatment efficiency in osmotic dehydration of cranberries. In Transport phenomena in food processing, ed. J.W. Chanes, J.F. Velez-Ruiz, and G.V. Barbosa-Canovas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
Grabowski, S., M. Marcotte, and H.S. Ramaswamy. 2003. Drying of fruits, vegetables and spices. In Handbook of postharvest technology, ed. A. Chakraverty, A.S. Mujumdar, G.S. Raghavan, and H.S. Ramasawmy. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Grabowski, S., and M. Marcotte. 2003. Kinetics and quality aspects of Canadian blueberries and cranberries dried by osmo-convective method. Drying Technology 25: 367–374.
Hall, C.W. 1979. Dictionary of drying. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Hui, Y.-H., C. Clary, M.M. Farid, O.O. Fasina, A. Noomhorn, and J. Welti-Chanes (eds.). 2007. Food drying science and technology. Lancaster, PA: Destech Publications Inc.
Imre, L. 2007. Solar drying. In Handbook of industrial drying, 3rd ed, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Jayaraman, K.S., D.K. Das Gupta, and N. Babu Rao. 1992. Solar drying of vegetables-Quality improvement using cabinet with multiple flat plate collectors and pretreatment. In Drying of solids, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. New York, New Delhi, India: International Science Publ. and Oxford & IBH Publ. Co.
Jen, J.J. 1989. Post harvest handling and processing of selected fruits and vegetables. In: Ghee, A.H. (ed) Trends in food processing II. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress of Food Science and Technology. Singapore, October 1987. Singapore Inst. Food Science and Technology, Singapore.
Kiang, C.S., and C.K. Jon. 2007. Heat pump drying systems. In Handbook of industrial drying, 3rd ed, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Kraglund, A. 1983. Energy savings in the production of powders. Journal of Separation Process Technology 4: 1–9.
Kudra, T. 2004. Energy aspects in drying. Drying Technology 22: 917–932.
Kudra, T. 2009. Energy aspects in food dehydration. In Advances in food dehydration, ed. C. Ratti. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Kudra, T., and A.S. Mujumdar. 2009. Advanced drying technology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Kumar, P., and A.S. Mujumdar. 1990. Superheated steam drying. A review. In Drying of solids, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Meerut, India: Sarita.
Lawand, T.A. 1975. A survey of solar agricultural dryers. Report No. R-99. Brace Research Institute, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Canada.
Lewicki, P., and A. Lenart. 2007. Osmotic dehydration of fruits and vegetables. In Handbook of industrial drying, 3rd ed, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Lopez-Cacicedo, C.L. 1986. Electrical methods for drying. In Drying’86, vol. 1, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Boston, MA: Hemisphere.
Marcotte, M., and S. Grabowski. 2008. Minimising energy consumption associated with drying, baking and evaporation. In Handbook of water and energy management in food processing, ed. J. Klemes, R. Smith, and J.-K. Kim. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.
Marcotte, M., and M. Tanguay. 2005. Design and scaling-up a continuous osmotic dehydration contractor for small fruits. In: Proceedings of 3rd Inter-American drying conference, Paper I-4. Montreal, Canada, 21–23 August 2005.
Mazza, G. 1989. Carrot. In Quality and preservation of vegetables, ed. N.A.M. Eskin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Menshutina, N.V., M.G. Gordienko, A.A. Voynovskiy, and T. Kudra. 2004. Dynamic analysis of drying energy consumption. Drying Technology 22: 2281–2290.
Moraitis, C.S., and C.B. Akritidis. 1996. Energy savings in industrial drying plants by partial recovery of the latent heat of the exhaust air. In: Stumillo, C., and Z. Pakowski (eds.) Proceedings IDS 96. Lodz Technical University, Lodz, Poland.
Mujumdar, A.S. (ed.). 2007. Handbook of industrial drying, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Orsat, V., and G.S.V. Raghavan. 2008. Dewatering for food waste. In Handbook of water and energy management in food processing, ed. J. Klemes, R. Smith, and J.-K. Kim. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.
Pakowski, Z., and A.S. Mujumdar. 2007. Basic process calculations in drying. In Handbook of industrial drying, 3rd ed, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Parker, B.F. 1991. Solar energy in agriculture. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Patil, R.T. 1989. Drying studies on black pepper. Journal of Food Science and Technology 26: 230–231.
Pell, M., and J.B. Dunson. 1997. Gas-solid operations and equipment. In Perry’s chemical engineering handbook, ed. R.H. Perry and D.W. Green. New York: McGraw Hill.
Perry, R.H., and D.W. Green. 1997. Perry’s chemical engineering handbook. New York: McGraw Hill.
Puigalli, J.R., and A. Tiguert. 1986. The building and use of a performance model for a solar dryer. Drying Technology 4: 555–581.
Purchas, D.B., and R.J. Wakeman. 1986. Solid/liquid equipment scale-up. London, UK: Uplands Press.
Raghavan, V.G.S., and V. Orsat. 2009. Nonconventional heating sources during drying. In Advances in food dehydration, ed. C. Ratti. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Ramaswamy, H.S., and M. Marcotte. 2006. Food processing principles and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Raoult-Wack, A.L., A. Lenart, and S. Guilbert. 1992. Recent advances in dewatering through immersion in concentrated solutions. In Drying of solids. ed. A.S. Mujumdar. New York, New Delhi, India: International Science Publ. and Oxford & IBH Publ. Co.
Ratti, C. 2009. Advances in food dehydration. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Ratti, C., and G.H. Crapiste. 1995. Determination of heat transfer coefficients during drying of foodstuffs. Journal of Food Process Engineering 18: 41–53.
Reay, D. 2008. Heat recovery in the food industry. In Handbook of water and energy management in food processing, ed. J. Klemes, R. Smith, and J.-K. Kim. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.
Roa, G., and I.C. Macedo. 1976. Stationary bin and solar collector module. Solar Energy 18: 445.
Robertson, L.J., and A.J. Baldwin. 1993. Process integration study of a milk powder plant. The Journal of Dairy Research 60: 327–338.
Saravacos, G.D., and A.E. Kostaroupoulos. 2002. Handbook of food processing equipment. New York: Kluwer Academic.
Simal, S., A. Femenia, P. Llull, and C. Rossello. 2000. Dehydration of Aloe Vera: simulation of drying curves and evaluation of functional properties. Journal of Food Engineering 43: 109–114.
Smith, C.C., J.A. Maga, and J.C. Chapman. 1977. Solar process drying of potato products. Paper No. 77-6521 presented at ASAE Meeting, Chicago, IL.
Sokhansanj, S., and D.S. Jayas. 2007. Drying of foodstuffs. In Handbook of industrial drying, 3rd ed, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Strommen, I. 1994. New applications of heat pumps in drying processes. Drying Technology 12: 889–901.
Strumillo, C. 1983. Podstawy teorii i techniki suszenia (Principles of the drying theory and technique). Warsaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne.
Strumillo, C., P.L. Jones, and R. Zylla. 2007. Energy aspects in drying. In Handbook of industrial drying, 3rd ed, ed. A.S. Mujumdar. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Szulmayer, W. 1976. Drying principles and thermodynamics of sun drying. Technical Report No. T-124. Brace Research Institute, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Canada.
Tang, J.X., Z.G. Wang, and L.X. Huang. 1999. Recent progress of spray drying in China. Drying Technology 17: 1747–1757.
Tarhan, S., G. Ergunes, and F. Taser. 2006. Selection of chemical and thermal pretreatment combination to reduce the dehydration time of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). Journal of Food Process Engineering 29: 651–663.
Tutova, E.G., and P.S. Kutz. 1987. Sushka produktow microbiologiczeskogo proizwodstwa (Drying of materials of microbiological origin). Moscow, Russia: Agropromizdat.
Verdurmen, R.E.M., and P. de Jong. 2003. Optimising product quality and process control for powdered dairy products. In Dairy processing, ed. G. Smit. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.
Westeco Drying Inc. 1987. First commercial sonic-assisted drying plant starts up in California. Chilton’s Food Engineering 59(12): 120.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Her Majesty the Queen, in Right of Canada
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grabowski, S., Boye, J.I. (2012). Green technologies in food dehydration. In: Boye, J., Arcand, Y. (eds) Green Technologies in Food Production and Processing. Food Engineering Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1586-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-1587-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)