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Glucose Metabolism During Neural Activation

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Neural Metabolism In Vivo

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 4))

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Abstract

The energy consumption of the brain is derived from the oxidation of glucose. The basal oxygen/glucose ratio (O/G) in the brain is 5.5. While 90% of glucose is oxidised, a small fraction undergoes glycolysis and gives rise to lactate. The difference between the delivery of oxygen and its utilisation is the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). Although brain regions differ in their energy consumption under basal conditions there is little or no variation in the OEF. On activation there is an increase in energy production and a decrease in the O/G and an increase in lactate. There are various theories about the nature of the changes during the increased energy production; one of these is the astrocyte-neuron-lactate-shuttle theory according to which neurones use lactate rather than glucose for their increased energy production. An understanding of the causal connections between the changes requires the elucidation of their temporal relationships. In the present review the in vivo changes during activation of oxygen, glucose, glycogen and lactate are examined. The evidence suggests that the additional lactate is not used locally as a substrate for neuronal metabolism. It is proposed that the substantial rise in extracellular lactate is not derived from the uptake of synaptically released glutamate but the reuptake of glutamate released from astrocytes. The release of glutamate is the result of the stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors on the astrocytic membrane. Various roles have been proposed for the astrocytic glutamate. The lactate resulting from the reuptake of the astrocytic glutamate has no further function and is removed by diffusion or release into the circulation.

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  1. Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK

    Marianne Fillenz DSc.

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  1. School of Medicine, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas, Rainbow Blvd. 3901, Kansas City, 66160, Kansas, USA

    In-Young Choi

  2. Inst. Physique de la Matière Complexe, Labo. d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle et, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland

    Rolf Gruetter

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Fillenz, M. (2012). Glucose Metabolism During Neural Activation. In: Choi, IY., Gruetter, R. (eds) Neural Metabolism In Vivo. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1788-0_21

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