Skip to main content

Abstract

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the third most common malignancy in children. The cure rate in developed countries for most of the subtypes exceeds 75 % with some subtypes doing even better. These cure rates have been attained using aggressive protocols that need adequate resources and support. Some of these protocols are not suitable for LMIC but there are many other suitable protocols available in the literature for use in these countries. They vary from oral-based protocols to more intensive but easily manageable protocols.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/child-non-hodgkins/Healthprofessional/ Accessed 07/2012

  2. Pizzo PA, Poplack DG. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011 (Chapter 23: Malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas in children).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Alexander D, Mink P, Adami H, et al. The non-Hodgkin lymphomas: A review of the epidemiologic literature. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:1–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lanzkowsky P. Manual of pediatric hematology and oncology. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic; 2000. (Chapter 13).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wakabi W. Special report: Kenya and Uganda grapple with Burkitt lymphoma. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(4):319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ahmad N, Zaidi A, Badar F, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome analysis of pediatric B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Experience with FAB-LMB 96 and UKCCSG B-cell NHL guidelines in a developing country. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2010;6:49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Moleti M, Al-Hadad S, Al-Jadiry M, et al. Treatment of children with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a low-income country. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56:560–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Baez F, Pillon M, Manfredini L, et al. Treatment of pediatric non-hodgkin lymphomas in a country with limited resources: Results of the First National Protocol in Nicaragua. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56:560–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sandlund JT, Downing JR, Crist WM. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(19):1238–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Leoncini L, Raphael M, Stein H. BL. In: Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al., editors. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon; 2008. p. 262–4.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Percy CL, Smith MA, Linet M, et al. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms. In: Ries LA, Smith MA, Gurney JG, et al., editors. Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, SEER Program, 1999. NIH Pub. No. 99-4649, p. 35–50. Also available online. Last accessed Oct 5, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wright D, McKeever P, Carter R. Childhood non Hodgkin lymphomas in the United Kingdom; findings from the UK Children’s Cancer Study Group. J Clin pathol. 1997;50:128–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW. Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Oschlies I, Klapper W, Zimmermann M, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in pediatric patients belongs predominantly to the germinal-center type B-cell lymphomas: a clinicopathologic analysis of cases included in the German BFM (Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster) Multicenter Trial. Blood. 2006;107(10):4047–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Neth O, Seidemann K, Jansen P, et al. Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in childhood and adolescence: clinical features, treatment, and results in trials NHL-BFM 86 and 90. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000;35(1):20–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Savage KJ, Harris NL, Vose JM, et al. ALK- anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood. 2008;111(12):5496–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Salaverria I, Bea S, Lopez-Guillermo A, et al. Genomic profiling reveals different genetic aberrations in systemic ALK-positive and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Br J Haematol. 2008;140(5):516–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Samuelsson BO, Ridell B, Röckert L, et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children: a 20-year population-based epidemiologic study in western Sweden. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1999;21:103–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Murphy SB, Fairclough DL, Hutchison RE, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of childhood: an analysis of the histology, staging, and response to treatment of 338 cases at a single institution. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7(2):186–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Greer JP, Kinney MC, Collins RD, et al. Clinical features of 31 patients with Ki-1 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9(4):539–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Magrath IT. African Burkitt’s lymphoma. history, biology, clinical features and treatment. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1991;13(2):222–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Aderele WL, Antia AU. Burkitt’s lymphoma in Ibadan: a review of 133 cases. Nig J Paediatr. 1979;6:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mbulaiteye SM, Anderson WF, Bhatia K, et al. Trimodal age-specific incidence patterns for BL in the United States, 1973–2005. Int J Cancer. 2010;126(7):1732–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mbulaiteye SM, Biggar RJ, Bhatia K, et al. Sporadic childhood Burkitt lymphoma incidence in the United States during 1992-2005. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;53(3):366–70. doi:10.1002/pbc.22047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Orem J, Maganda A, Mbidde EK, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of children with BL in Uganda according to HIV infection. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;52(4):455–8. doi:10.1002/pbc.21769.).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Reiter A, Klapper W. Recent advances in the understanding and management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in children. Br J Haematol. 2008;142(3):329–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cairo MS, Gerrard M, Patte C. A new protocol for treatment of mature B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia (BCLL): FAB LMB 96, a SFOP LMB 96/CCG-5961/UKCCSG NHL 9600 international cooperative study. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997;29:320a.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Magrath IT, Lwanga S, Carswell W, et al. Surgical reduction of tumour bulk in the management of abdominal Burkitt’s lymphoma. Br Med J. 1974;2:308–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ngoma T, Adde M, Durosinmi M, et al. Treatment of BL in equatorial Africa using a simple three-drug combination followed by a salvage regimen for patients with persistent or recurrent disease. Br J Haematol. 2012;158(6):749–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ensani F, Mehravaran S, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometric immunophenotyping in diagnosis and classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in comparison to histopathology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2012;40(4):305–10. doi:10.1002/dc.21561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Loeffler JS, Leopold KA, Recht A, et al. Emergency prebiopsy irradiation for mediastinal masses: impact on subsequent pathologic diagnosis and outcome. J Clinc Oncol. 1986;4:716–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Boreintein SH, Gerstle T, Malkin D, et al. The effect of prebiopsy corticosteroid treatment on the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:973–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Nathan and Oski’s Hematology of Infancy and Childhood. Nathan DG, Ginsburg D, Orkin SH, Look AT (editors). 6th Edition. Saunders, Philadelphia 2003 (Chapter 33).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hesseling P, Molyneux E, Kamiza S, et al. Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma: a 28 day treatment schedule with cyclophosphamide and intrathecal methotrexate. Ann Trop Med. 2009;29:29–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bezwoda W, Rastogi R, Valla A, et al. Long-term results of a multicentre randomised, comparative phase III trial of CHOP versus CNOP regimes in patients with intermediate and high grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A(6):903–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Patte C, Auperin A, Gerrard M, et al. Results of the randomized international FAB/LMB96 trial for intermediate risk B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents: Is it possible to reduce treatment for the early responding patients? Blood. 2007;109(7):2773–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hesseling P, Njume E, Kouya F, et al. The Cameroon 2008 Burkitt Lymphoma Protocol: improved event free survival with treatment adapted to disease stage and response to induction therapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2012;29:119–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Traore F, Coze C, Atteby J, et al. Cyclophosphamide monotherapy in children with Burkitt lymphoma: a study from the French-African Paediatric oncology Group (GFAOP). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56:70–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Atra A, Meller S, Steven R, et al. Conservative management of follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children. Br J Haematol. 1998;103:220–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lorsbach R, Shay-Seymore D, Moore J, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of follicular lymphoma occurring in children. Blood. 2002;99(6):1959–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hutchinson R, Laver J, Chang M, et al. Non-anaplastic peripheral T-cell lymphoma in childhood and adolescence: a children’s oncology group study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51:29–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Landman E, Oschlies I, Zimmermann M, et al. Secondary non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in children and adolescents after cancer other than NHL. Br J Haem. 2008;143:387–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Hesseling P, Israels T, Harif M, et al. Practical recommendations for the management of children with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) I a resource limited setting. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:357–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David K. Stones .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stones, D.K., Brown, B.J. (2014). Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. In: Stefan, D., Rodriguez-Galindo, C. (eds) Pediatric Hematology-Oncology in Countries with Limited Resources. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3891-5_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3891-5_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3890-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3891-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics