Abstract
The literature often sees universalism and local autonomy as the key tenets of Nordic care regimes (Burau et al. 2007); the former refers to substantive aspects of long term care policies , while the latter refers to procedural aspects. Against this background, the case of Denmark is interesting in two respects. Firstly, among the Nordic countries, long term care policies remain the most universal in terms of coverage, which is reflected in the level of public expenditure. Secondly, Denmark combines institutional change from below (nonlegislative change) with institutional change from above (legislative change).
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Notes
- 1.
The case studies are based on analyses of secondary sources together with selected primary sources such as parliamentary debates, evidence submitted by stakeholders to the minister, reports of the parliamentary select committee together with grey literature from relevant stake holders.
- 2.
KL is also an employer organization, but its autonomy in collective negotiations is severely limited by the Ministry of Finance. KL negotiates pay and work conditions for home carers on behalf of the municipalities and this requires taking into account the consequences for both expenditure and staff retention.
- 3.
We have no specific number for the percentage of employees that are organized in trade unions. The Nordic countries have traditionally scored very high, although the level of trade union membership has fallen over recent decades. Nevertheless, it remains high compared to other countries.
- 4.
An ideal of care is defined by Arlie Hochschild as country or region specific understandings of ‘good enough caring’ (1995).
- 5.
This ended an 8 year period of centre–left governments, where the Social Democrats were in shifting coalitions with smaller parties forming mostly minority governments. In contrast, between 1990–1993, Denmark was governed by a centre–right minority coalition government.
- 6.
One of the interesting aims of Common Language II was to break down the strict boundaries between social care in the local authorities and the health care in hospitals by training hospital staff in understanding categories of Common Language. This is an ambitious goal, and there have not been any evaluation of the concrete effects.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Trine Vig, MA student at the Department of Political Science at the University of Aarhus, for her highly competent help with searching relevant databases and identifying key secondary and primary sources in relation to the case studies. We also would like to thank Peter Munk Christiansen and Jens Blom Hansen for helpful comments on free choice in Denmark.
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Burau, V., Dahl, H. (2013). Trajectories of Change in Danish Long Term Care Policies—Reproduction by Adaptation through Top-Down and Bottom-Up Reforms. In: Ranci, C., Pavolini, E. (eds) Reforms in Long-Term Care Policies in Europe. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4502-9_4
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