Skip to main content

Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease, Caregiving, and Family Dynamics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Caregiving for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders

Part of the book series: Caregiving: Research • Practice • Policy ((CARE))

Abstract

With the aging of society, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) poses a potential public health crisis. This potential crisis has spurred research on making an early diagnosis of AD. Progress has been made in identifying AD risk factors, including those involving genetics. This progress has led to hope that prevention models might work in AD as they have in cancer and heart disease. These trends offer exciting new directions in AD research. However, the potential impact of these trends on AD caregivers has received little consideration. The goal of this chapter is to explore the potential impact of early diagnosis, advances in genetics, and prevention models on AD caregivers. An examination of what is currently known in these areas will be followed by discussion of the research, education, practice, and policy needs these trends have created. Finally, we will speculate about future directions in AD caregiving that may result from early diagnosis and prevention efforts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albert, M., DeKosky, S., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H., Fox, N., . . . Phelps, C. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 7, 270–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S., Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Zarit, S. H., & Whitlatch, C. J. (1995). Profiles in caregiving; The unexpected career. San Diego: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2001). Genetic testing for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. AGS Ethics Committee. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49, 225–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bharucha, A.J., Anand, V., Forlizz,i J., Dew, M.A., Reynolds, C.F., Stevens, S., Wactlar, H. (2009). Intelligent Assistive Technology Applications to Dementia Care: Current Capabilities, Limitations, and Future Challenges.American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 88–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boise, L., Morgan, D. L., Kaye, J., & Camiciolo, R. (1999). Delays in the diagnosis of dementia: Perspectives of family caregivers. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 14, 21–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bondi, M. W., Salmon, D. P., Monsch, A. U., Galasko, D., Butters, N., Klauber, M. R., et al. (1995). Episodic memory changes are associated with the APOE-e4 allele in nondemented older adults. Neurology, 45, 2203–2206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookmeyer, R., Gray, S., & Kawas, C. (1998). Projections of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1337–1342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, M. M. (1994). Ethical issues in genetic testing for Alzheimer’s disease: Lessons from Huntington’s disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 8, 71–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clyburn, L. D., Stones, M. J., Hadjistavropoulos, T., & Tuokko, H. (2000). Predicting caregiver burden and depression in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Gerontology B: Psychological and Social Sciences, 55, 2–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrer, L. A. (1986). Suicide and attempted suicide in Huntington disease; Implications for preclinical testing of persons at risk. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 24, 305–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, L. F., & Whitlatch, C. J. (2002). Decision-making for persons with cognitive impairment and their family caregivers. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 17, 237–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fillit, H., Geldmacher, D. S., Welter, R. T., Maslow, K., & Fraser, M. (2002). Optimizing coding and reimbursement to improve management of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 1871–1878.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flicker, C., Ferris, S. H., & Reisberg, B. (1991). Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: Predictors of dementia. Neurology, 41, 1006–1009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grafstrom, M., & Winblad, B. (1995). Family burden in the care of the demented and nondemented elderly—A longitudinal study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 9, 78–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., Petersen, R. C., Boeve, B. F., Kokmen, E., & Tangalos, E. G. (2000). Diagnostic accuracy of four approaches to interpreting neuropsychological test data. Neuropsychology, 14, 163–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jack, C. R., Jr., Petersen, R. C., Xu, Y. C., O’Brien, P. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., et al. (1999). Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 52, 1397–1403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jedynak BM, Lang A, Liu B, Katz E, Zhang Y, Wyman BT, Raunig D, Jedynak CP, Caffo B, Prince JL, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2012). A computational neurodegenerative disease progression score: Method and results with the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative cohort, NeuroImage, Available online 2 August 2012, ISSN 1053–8119, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kantarci, K., Jack, C. R., Xu, Y. V., Campeau, N. G., O’Brien, P. C., Smith, G. E., et al. (2000). Regional metabolic patterns in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A 1H MRS study. Neurology, 55, 210–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: MacMillan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe VJ, Kemp BJ, Jack CR Jr, Senjem M, Weigand S, Shiung M, Smith G, Knopman D, Boeve B, Mullan B, Petersen RC. (2009). Comparison of 18F-FDG and PiB PET in Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 50:878-886

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute on Aging. (2001). Action plan for aging research: Strategic plan for fiscal years 2001–2005. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.nia.nih.gov/strat-plan/2001-2005

  • Petersen, R.C. (1996). Mild cognitive impairment as a focus for therapeutic intervention. Neurobiology of Aging, 17, S9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine. 256:183–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R. C. (Ed.). (2002). Mayo Clinic on Alzheimer’s disease. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Heath Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R. C., Stevens, J. C., Ganguli, M., Tangalos, E. G., Cummings, J. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2001). Practice parameter: Early detection of dementia: Mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 56, 1133–1142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiman, E. M., Caselli, R. J., Lang, S., Yun, M. S., Chen, K., Bandy, D., et al. (1996). Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer’s disease in persons homozygous for the E4 allele for apolipoprotein E. The New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 752–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Relkin, N. R., Kwon, Y. J., & Gandy, S. (1996). The National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer’s Association recommendations on the application of apolipoprotein E genotyping to Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 802, 149–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roses, A. D. (1997). The predictive value of APOE genotyping in the early diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type: Data from three independent series. In K. Iqbal, B. Winblad, T. Nishimura, M. Takeda, & H. M. Wisniewski (Eds.), Alzheimer’s disease: Biology, diagnosis and therapeutics (pp. 85–91). West Sussex, England: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenk, D., Barbour, R., Dunn, W., Gordon, G., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., et al. (1999). Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature, 400, 173–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, Y., Tangalos, E. G., & Petersen, R. C. (2000). Mild cognitive impairment. When is it a precursor to Alzheimer’s disease? Geriatrics, 55, 62–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith GE., Lunde AM, Hathaway JC, Vickers KS (2007). Telehealth home monitoring of solitary persons with mild dementia. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease. 22, 20–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. E., Kokmen, E., & O’Brien, P. C. (2000). Risk factors for nursing home placement in a population-based dementia cohort. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, 519–525.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. E., O’Brien, P. C., Ivnik, R. J., Kokmen, E., & Tangalos, E. G. (2001). Prospective analysis of risk factors for nursing home placement of dementia patients. Neurology, 57, 1467–1473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. E., Petersen, R. C., Parisi, J. E., Ivnik, R. J., Kokmen, E., Tangalos, E. G., et al. (1996). Definition, course, and outcome of mild cognitive impairment. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 3, 141–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. G., Ivnik, R. J., Kokmen, E., & Petersen, R. C. (1995). Tolerance weighted frequency indices for non-cognitive symptoms of dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 10, 2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter, W. J., Saunders, A. M., Schmechel, D., Pericak-Vance, M., Enghild, J., Salvesen, G. S., et al. (1993). Apolipoprotein E: High avidity binding to -amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 90, 1977–1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugihara, Y., Sugisawa, H., Nakatani, Y., & Shibata, H. (1998). Impact of duration of caregiving on stress among primary caregivers of elderly. Nippon Kōshū Eisei Zasshi, 45, 320–325.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tibben, A., Stevens, M., deWart, G. M., Niermeijer, M. F., vanDuijn, C. M., & vanSwieten, J. C. (1997). Preparing for presymptomatic DNA testing for early onset Alzheimer’s disease/cerebral hemorrhage and hereditary Pick disease. Journal of Medical Genetics, 34, 63–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, M. C., Szalai, J. P., Snow, W. G., Fisher, R. H., Nores, A., Nadon, G., et al. (1996). Prediction of probable Alzheimer’s disease in memory-impaired patients: A prospective longitudinal study. Neurology, 46, 661–665.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wackerbarth, S. B., & Johnson, M. M. (2002). The carrot and the stick: Benefits and barriers in getting a diagnosis. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 16, 213–220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Glenn E. Smith PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, G.E., Lunde, A. (2013). Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease, Caregiving, and Family Dynamics. In: Zarit, S., Talley, R. (eds) Caregiving for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders. Caregiving: Research • Practice • Policy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5335-2_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics