Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cranial Nerve Palsies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice

  • 5912 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter describes the neuroanatomy and common lower cranial neuropathies, including clinical presentation, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the following cranial nerves: trigeminal (fifth), facial (seventh), glossopharyngeal (ninth), vagus (tenth), spinal accessory (eleventh), and hypoglossal (twelfth).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rucker CW. History of the numbering of the cranial nerves. Mayo Clin Proc. 1966;41:453–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Katusic S, Williams DB, Beard CM, Bergstralh EJ, Kurland LT. Epidemiology and clinical features of idiopathic trigeminal ­neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia: similarities and differences, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945–1984. Neuroepidemiology. 1991;10(5–6):276–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24 Suppl 1Suppl 1:9–160.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Abhinav K, Love S, Kalantzis G, Coakham HB, Patel NK. Clinicopathological review of patients with and without multiple sclerosis treated by partial sensory rhizotomy for medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia: a 12-year retrospective study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;114(4):361–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hooge JP, Redekop WK. Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1294–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gronseth G, Cruccu G, Alksne J, Argoff C, Brainin M, Burchiel K, et al. Practice parameter: the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Neurological Societies. Neurology. 2008;71(15):1183–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. Pharmacotherapy of trigeminal neuralgia. Clin J Pain. 2002;18(1):22–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Meyer B, Lehmberg J. Treatment options for refractory trigeminal neuralgia. World Neurosurg. 2011;77(2):275–6.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sarsam Z, Garcia-Finana M, Nurmikko TJ, Varma TR, Eldridge P. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. BR J Neurosurg. 2010;24(1):18–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Miller JD, Magill ST, Acar F, Burchiel KJ. Predictors of long-term success after microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 2009;110:620–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lecky BRF, Hughes RAC, Murray NMF. Trigeminal sensory neuropathy. Brain. 1987;110:1463–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Blau JN, Harris M, Kennett S. Trigeminal sensory neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 1969;281:873–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Horowitz SH. Isolated facial numbness. Clinical significance and relation to trigeminal neuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 1974;80:49–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Clouston PD, Sharpe DM, Corbett AJ, Kos S, Kennedy PJ. Perineural spread of cutaneous head and neck cancer. Its orbital and central neurologic complications. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:73–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Galán Gil S, Peñarrocha Diago M, Peñarrocha Diago M. Malignant mental nerve neuropathy: systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13:E616–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lossos A, Siegal T. Numb chin syndrome in cancer patients: etiology, response to treatment, and prognostic significance. Neurology. 1992;42:1181–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Furukawa T. Numb chin syndrome in the elderly. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Keane JR, Baloh RW. Posttraumatic cranial neuropathies. Neurol Clin. 1992;10(4):849–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Esslen E. The acute facial palsies – investigations on the localization and pathogenesis of Meato-labyrinthine facial palsies. New York: Springer; 1977.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  20. May M, Blumenthal F, Klein SR. Acute Bell’s palsy: prognostic value of evoked electromyography, maximal stimulation, and other electrical tests. Am J Otol. 1983;5(1):1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Furuta Y, Takasu T, Sato KC, Fukuda S, Inuyama Y, Nagashima K. Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in human geniculate ganglia. Acta Neuropathol. 1992;84:39–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Murakami S, Mizobuchi M, Nakashiro Y, Doi T, Hato N, Yanagihara N. Bell palsy and herpes simplex virus: identification of viral DNA in endoneurial fluid and muscle. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(1):27–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Quant EC, Jeste SS, Muni RH, Cape AV, Bhussar MK, Peleg AY. The benefits of steroids versus steroids plus antivirals for treatment of Bell’s palsy: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Adour KK. Otological complications of herpes zoster. Ann Neurol. 1994;35(Suppl):S62–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Shigeta S, Baba M, Ogata M, Nozaki H, Okuaki A, Nakamura S. Importance of anticomplement immunofluorescence antibody titration for diagnosing varicella-zoster virus infection in Bell’s palsy. J Clin Pathol. 1986;39:1254–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Uscategui T, Doreee C, Chamberlain IJ, et al. Corticosteroids as adjuvant to antiviral treatment in Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (herpes zoster oticus with facial palsy) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008;(3):CD006852.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Susuki K, Koga M. A Guillain-Barré syndrome variant with prominent facial diplegia. J Neurol. 2009;256:1899–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Keane JR. Bilateral seventh nerve palsy: analysis of 43 cases and review of the literature. Neurology. 1994;44:1198–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ozaki K, Irioka T, Ishida S, Mizusawa H. Bilateral facial nerve palsy caused by a metastatic malignant lymphoma. Intern Med. 2011;50(19):2247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hiltunen T, Kiuru S, Hongell V, Heliö T, Palo J, Peltonen L. Finnish type of familial amyloidosis: cosegregation of Asp187––Asn mutation of gelsolin with the disease in three large families. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;49(3):522–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bawle EV, Conard J, Van Dyke DL, Czarnecki P, Driscoll DA. Seven new cases of Cayler cardiofacial syndrome with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, including a familial case. Am J Med Genet. 1998;79(5):406–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pollock BE, Boes CJ. Stereotactic radiosurgery for glossopharyngeal neuralgia: preliminary report of 5 cases. J Neurosurg. 2011;115(5):936–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gaul C, Hastreiter P, Duncker A, Naraghi R. Diagnosis and neurosurgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia: clinical findings and 3-D visualization of neurovascular compression in 19 consecutive patients. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(5):527–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Patel A, Kassam A, Horowitz M, Chang YF. Microvascular decompression in the management of glossopharyngeal neuralgia: analysis of 217 cases. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(4):705–10; discussion 710–711.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ivan ME, Sughrue ME, Clark AJ, Kane AJ, Aranda D, Barani IJ, et al. A meta-analysis of tumor control rates and treatment-related morbidity for patients with glomus jugulare tumors. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(5):1299–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Higgins TS, Gupta R, Ketcham AS, Sataloff RT, Wadsworth JT, Sinacori JT. Recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring versus identification alone on post-thyroidectomy true vocal fold palsy: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2011;121(5):1009–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Koike H, Sobue G. Alcoholic neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19(5):481–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Tarlaci S. Vincristine-induced fatal neuropathy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Neurotoxicology. 2008;29(4):748–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chandawarkar RY, Cervino AL, Pennington GA. Management of Iatrogen Injury to The Spinal Acce Nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(2):611–17.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Sweeney PJ, Wilbourn AJ. Spinal accessory (11th) nerve palsy following carotid endarterectomy. Neurology. 1992;42:674–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Paljarvi LP. Biting palsy of the accessory nerve. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980;43:744–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pierre PA, Laterre CE, Van den Bergh PY. Neuralgic amyotrophy with involvement of cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII. Muscle Nerve. 1990;13(8):704–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Maniglia AJ, Hans DP. Cranial nerve injuries following carotid endarterectomy: an analysis of 336 procedures. Head Neck. 1991;13:121–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kim T, Chung S, Lanzino G. Carotid artery-hypoglossal nerve relationships in the neck: an anatomical work. Neurol Res. 2009;31(9):895–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Keane JR. Twelfth-nerve palsy. Analysis of 100 cases. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:561–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kim JS, Kim HG, Chung CS. Medial medullary syndrome: report of 18 new patients and a review of the literature. Stroke. 1995;26:1548–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Parano E, Giuffrida S, Restivo D, Saponara R, Greco F, Trifiletti RR. Reversible palsy of the hypoglossal nerve complicating infectious mononucleosis in a young child. Neuropediatrics. 1998;29(1):46–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Konishi A, Higo R, Nito T, Masumoto T, Seichi A. A case report of unilateral hypoglossal neuroparalysis resulting from horizontal subluxation in the atlanto-occipital joint due to rheumatoid arthritis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2003;65(5):306–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle Suite 6129, 30322 Mailstop 1930-001-1AN, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Vita Grynova Kesner MD, PhD & Christina Fournier MD

Authors
  1. Vita Grynova Kesner MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christina Fournier MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vita Grynova Kesner MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Bashar Katirji

  2. Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Henry J. Kaminski

  3. University School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Robert L. Ruff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kesner, V.G., Fournier, C. (2014). Cranial Nerve Palsies. In: Katirji, B., Kaminski, H., Ruff, R. (eds) Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6567-6_42

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6567-6_42

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6566-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6567-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation