Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Androgens, Skeletal Homeostasis, and Osteoporosis

  • Chapter
Androgens and Androgen Receptor

  • 229 Accesses

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a major health problem, not only in women but also in men. The skeletal effects of estrogen deficiency and replacement therapy are well established in women. More recently, it has also been recognized that androgen deficiency induces bone loss and osteoporosis in men and that this process can be reversed by androgen replacement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abraham, D. and Carpenter, P.C. Issues concerning androgen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1997; 72: 1051–1055.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, F.H., Francis, R.M. and Faulkner, K. Androgen supplementation in eugonadal men with osteoporosis - effects of 6 months of treatment on bone mineral density and cardiovascular risk factors. Bone 1996; 18: 171–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behre, H.M., Kliesch, S., Leifke, E., Link, T.M. and Nieschlag, E. Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82: 2386–2390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellido, T., Jilka, R.L., Boyce, B.F., Girasole, G., Broxmeyer, H., Dalrymple, S.A., Murray, R. and Manolagas, S.C. Regulation of interleukin-6, osteoclastogenesis, and bone mass by androgens. The role of the androgen receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 1995; 95: 2886–2895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertelloni, S., Baroncelli, G.I., Ferdeghini, M., Perri, G. and Saggese, G. Normal volumetric bone mineral density and bone turnover in young men with histories of constitutional delay of puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998; 83: 4280–4283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilezikian, J.P., Morishima, A., Bell, J. and Grumbach, M.M. Increased bone mass as a result of estrogen therapy in a man with aromatase deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 339: 599–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boonen, S., Vanderschueren, D., Cheng, X.G., Verbeke, G., Dequeker, J., Geusens, P., Broos, P. and Bouillon, R. Age-related (type II) femoral neck osteoporosis in men: biochemical evidence for both hypovitaminosis D- and androgen deficiency-induced bone resorption. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1997; 12: 2119–2126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carani, C, Qin, K., Simoni, M., Faustini-Fustini, M., Serpente, S., Boyd, J., Korach, K. S. and Simpson, E.R. Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337, 91–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compston, J.E. Sex steroids and bone. Physiol. Rev. 2001; 81: 419–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniell, H.W. Osteoporosis after orchiectomy for prostate cancer. J. Urol. 1997; 157: 439–444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, S., Benjamin, F., Seltzer, V., Tafreshi, M., Kocheril, G. and Frank, A. The correlation of serum estrogens and androgens with bone density in the late postmenopause. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 1987; 25: 217–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doran, P.M., Riggs, B.L., Atkinson, E.J. and Khosla, S. Effects of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on bone turnover markers and serum sex steroid and lipid levels in elderly men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2001; 16: 2118–2125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drinka, P.J., Olson, J., Bauwens, S., Voeks, S.K., Carlson, I. and Wilson, M. Lack of association between free testosterone and bone density separate from age in elderly males. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1993;52:67–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erben, R.G., Eberle, Stahr, K. and Goldberg, M. Androgen deficiency induces high turnover osteopenia in aged male rats: a sequential histomorphometric study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2000; 15: 1085–1098.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falahati-Nini, A., Riggs, B.L., Atkinson, E.J., O’Fallon, W.M., Eastell, R. and Khosla, S. Relative contributions of testosterone and estrogen in regulating bone resorption and formation in normal elderly men. J. Clin. Invest. 2000; 106: 1553–1560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, J.S., Klibanski, A., Neer, R.M., Greenspan, S.L. Rosenthal, D.I. and Crowley, W.F., Jr. Osteoporosis in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Ann. Intern. Med. 1987; 106:354–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, J.S., Klibanski, A. and Neer, R.M. A longitudinal evaluation of bone mineral density in adult men with histories of delayed puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996; 81: 1152–1155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldray, D., Weisman, Y., Jaccard, N., Merdler, C, Chan, J. and Matzkin, H. Decreased bone density in elderly men treated with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist decapeptyl (D-Trp6-GnRH). J. Clin. Endocrinol, Metab. 1993; 76: 288–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greendale, G.A., Edelstein, S. and Barrett-Conner, E. Endogenous sex steroids and bone mineral density in older women and men: the Rancho Bernardo study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1997; 12: 1833–1843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunness, M. and Orwoll, E. Early induction of alterations in cancellous and cortical bone histology after orchiectomy in mature rats. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1995; 10: 1735–1744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofbauer, L.C., Hicok, K.C., Chen, D. and Khosla, S. Regulation of osteoprotegerin gene expression and protein production by androgens and anti-androgens in human osteoblastic lineage cells. The Endocrine Society’s 83rd annual meeting, 2001; P1–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofbauer, L.C. and Khosla, S. Androgen effects on bone metabolism: recent progress and controversies. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1999; 140: 271–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofbauer, L.C, Khosla, S., Dunstan, C.R., Lacey, D.L., Spelsberg, T.C. and Riggs, B.L. Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 4367–4370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, D.M., Bendixen, A.C., Pathrose, P., Srivastava, S., Dienger, K.M., Shevde, N.K. and Pike, J.W. Androgens suppress osteoclast formation induced by RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 3800–3808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jilka, R.L., Weinstein, R.S., Takahashi, K., Parfitt, A.M.. and Manolagas, S.C. Linkage of decreased bone mass with impaired osteoblastogenesis in a murine model of accelerated senescence. J. Clin. Invest. 1996; 97, 1732–1740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, C.C. Jr., Hui, S.L., Witt, R.M., Appledorn, R., Baker, R.S. and Longcope, C. Early menopausal changes in bone mass and sex steroids. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 61,905–911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katznelson, L., Finkelstein, J.S., Schoenfeld, D.A., Rosenthal, D.I., Anderson, E.J. and Klibanski, A. Increase in bone density and lean body mass during testosterone administration in men with acquired hypogonadism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996; 81:4358–4365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, P.J., Pocock, N.A., Sambrook, P.N. and Eisman, J.A. Dietary calcium, sex hormones, and bone mineral density in men. BMJ 1990; 300: 1361–1364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, A.M., Prestwood, K.M., Gruman, C.A., Marcello, K.M. and Raisz, L.G. Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001; 56: M266–M272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khosla, S., Melton, L.J.III, Atkinson, E.J. and O’Fallon, W.M. Relationship of serum sex steroid levels to longitudinal changes in bone density in young versus elderly men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86: 3555–3561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khosla, S., Melton, L.J.III, Atkinson, E.J., O’Fallon, W.M., Klee, G.G. and Riggs, B.L. Relationship of serum sex steroid levels and bone turnover markers with bone mineral density in men and women: a key role for bioavailable estrogen. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998; 83: 2266–2274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kousteni, S., Bellido, T., Plotkin, L.I., O’Brien, C.A., Bodenner, D.L., Han, L., Han, K., DiGregorio, G.B., Katzenellenbogen, J.A., Katzenellenbogen, B.S., Roberson, P.K., Weinstein, R.S., Jilka, R.L. and Manolagas, S.C. Nongenotropic, sex-nonspecific signaling through the estrogen or androgen receptors: dissociation from transcriptional activity. Cell 2001; 104: 719–730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leifke, E., Korner, H.-C, Link, T.M., Behre, H.M., Peters, P.E. and Nieschlag, E. Effects of testosterone replacement therapy on cortical and trabecular bone mineral density, vertebral body area and paraspinal muscle area in hypogonadal men. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1998;138:51–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, S.-C, Yamate, T., Taguchi, Y., Borba, V.Z.C., Girasole, G., O'Brien, C.A., Bellido, T., Abe, E. and Manolagas, S.C. Regulation of the gp80 and gpl30 subunits of the IL-6 receptor by sex steroids in the murine bone marrow. J. Clin. Invest. 1997; 100: 1980–1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longcope, C, Hunter, R. and Franz, C. Steroid secretion by the postmenopausal ovary. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138, 1980; 564–568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manolagas, S.C. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr. Rev. 2000; 21: 115–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, R., Leary, D., Schneider, D.L., Shane, E., Favus, M. and Quigley, C.A. The contribution of testosterone to skeletal development and maintenance: lessons from the androgen insensitivity syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000; 85: 1032–1037.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T.J., Romas, E. and Gillespie, M.T. Interleukins in the control of osteoclast differentiation. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 1998; 8: 107-123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzkin, H., Chen, J., Weisman, Y., Goldray, D., Pappas, F., Jaccard, N. and Braf, Z. Prolonged treatment with finasteride (a 5a-reductase inhibitor) does not affect bone density and metabolism. Clin. Endocrinol. 1992; 37, 432–436.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier, D.E., Orwoll, E.S., Keenan, E.J. and Fagerstrom, R.M. Marked decline in trabecular bone mineral content in healthy men with age: lack of association with sex steroid levels. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1987; 35: 189–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyaura, C, Toda, K., Inada, M., Ohshiba, T., Matsumoto, C, Okada, T., Ito, M., Shizuta, Y. and Ito, A. Sex- and age-related response to aromatase deficiency in bone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2001; 280: 1062–1068.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morishima, A., Grumbach, M.M., Simpson, E.R., Fisher, C. and Qin, K. Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995; 80, 3689–3698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S., Khaw, K., Cassidy, A. and Compston, J.E. Sex hormones and bone mineral density in elderly men. Bone Miner. 1993; 20: 133–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ongphiphadhanakul, B., Rajatanavin, R., Chanprasertyothin, S., Piaseu, N. and Chailurkit, L. Serum estradiol and oestrogen-receptor gene polymorphism are associated with bone mineral density independently of serum testosterone in normal males. Clin. Endocrinol. 1998;49:803–809.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orwoll, E.S. and Klein, R.F. Osteoporosis in men. Endocr. Rev. 1995; 16: 87–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Öz, O.K., Zerwekh, J.E., Fisher, C, Graves, K., Nanu, L., Millsaps, R. and Simpson, E.R. Bone has a sexually dimorphic response to aromatase deficiency. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2000; 15:507–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pederson, L., Kremer, M., Judd, J., Pascoe, D., Spelsberg, T.C., Riggs, B.L. and Oursler, M.J. Androgens regulate bone resorption activity of isolated osteoclasts in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999; 96: 505–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, I.R., Wattie, D.J., Evans, M.C. and Stapleton, J P. Testosterone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated men. Arch. Intern. Med. 1996; 156: 1173–1177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, H.N., Tollin, S., Balena, R., Middlebrooks, V.L., Moses, A.C., Yamamoto, M., Zeind, A.J. and Greenspan, S.L. Bone density is normal in male rats treated with Finasteride. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 1381–1387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudman, D., Drinka, P.J., Wilson, C.R., Mattson, D.E., Scherman, F., Cuisinier, M.C. and Schultz, S. Relations of endogenous anabolic hormones and physical activity to bone mineral density and lean body mass in elderly men. Clin. Endocrinol. 1994; 40: 653–661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saika, M., Inoue, D., Kido, S. and Matsumoto, T. 17β-estradiol stimulates expression of osteoprotegerin by a mouse stromal cell line, ST-2, via estrogen receptor-α. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 2205–2212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasano, H., Uzuki, M., Sawai, T., Nagura, H., Matsunaga, G., Kashimoto, O. and Harada, N. Aromatase in human bone tissue. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1997; 12, 1416–1423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimodaira, K., Fujikawa, H., Okura, F., Shimizu, Y., Saito, H. and Yanaihara, T. Osteoblast cells (MG-63 and HOS) have aromatase and 5α-reductase activities. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1996;39:109–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slemenda, C, Longcope, C, Peacock, M., Hui, S. and Johnston, C.C. Sex steroids, bone mass, and bone loss. A prospective study of pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Invest. 1996; 97, 14–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slemenda, C.W., Longcope, C, Zhou, L., Hui, S.L., Peacock, M. and Johnston, C.C. Sex steroids and bone mass in older men. Positive associations with serum estrogens and negative associations with androgens. J. Clin. Invest. 1997; 100: 1755–1759.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E.P., Boyd, J., Frank, G.R., Takahashi, H., Cohen, R.M., Specker, B., Williams, T.C., Lubahn, D.B. and Korach, K.S. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331, 1056–1061.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, P.J., Peachey, H., Berlin, J.A., Hannoush, P., Haddad, G., Dlewati, A., Santanna, J., Loh, L., Lenrow, D.A., Holmes, J.H., Kapoor, S.C., Atkinson, L.E. and Strom, B.L. Effects of testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000; 85: 2670–2677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, P.J., Peachey, H., Hannoush, P., Berlin, J.A., Loh, L., Holmes, J.H., Dlewati, A., Staley, J., Santanna, J., Kapoor, S.C., Attie, M.F., Haddad, J.G.Jr. and Strom, B.L. Effect of testosterone treatment on bone mineral density in men over 65 years of age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999; 84: 1966–1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stepan, J.J., Lachman, M., Zverina, J., Pacovsky, V. and Baylink, D.J. Castrated men exhibit bone loss: effect of calcitonin treatment on biochemical indices of bone remodeling. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1989; 69, 523–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoch, S.A., Parker, R.A., Chen, L., Bubley, G., Ko, Y.J., Vincelette, A. and Greenspan, S.L. Bone loss in men with prostate cancer treated with gonadotropin- releasing hormone agonists. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86, 2787–2791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suda, T., Takahashi, N., Udagawa, N., Jimi, E., Gillespie, M.T. and Martin, T.J. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families. Endocr. Rev. 1999; 20: 345–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taxel, P., Kennedy, D.G., Fall, P.M., Willard, A.K., Clive, J.M. and Raisz, L.G. The effect of aromatase inhibition on sex steroids, gonadotropins, and markers of bone turnover in older men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86, 2869–2874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R.T., Hannon, K.S., Demers, L.M., Buchanan, J. and Bell, N.H. Differential effects of gonadal function on bone histomorphometry in male and female rats. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1989;4:557–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenput, L., Ederveen, A.G., Erben, R.G., Stahr, K., Swinnen, J.V., Van Herck, E., Verstuyf, A., Boonen, S., Bouillon, R. and Vanderschueren, D. Testosterone prevents orchidectomy-induced bone loss in estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2001; 285: 70–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderschueren, D., Jans, I., Van Herck, E., Moermans, K., Verhaeghe, J. and Bouillon, R. Time-related increase of biochemical markers of bone turnover in androgen-deficient male rats. Bone Miner. 1994; 26: 123–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderschueren, D., Van Herck, E., Suiker, A.M.H., Visser, W.J., Schot, L.P.C. and Bouillon, R. Bone and mineral metabolism in aged male rats: short and long term effects of androgen deficiency. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 2906–2916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderschueren, D., Van Herck, E., Suiker, A.M.H., Visser, W.J., Schot, L.P.C, Chung, K., Lucas, R.S., Einhorn, T.A. and Bouillon, R. Bone and mineral metabolism in the androgen-resistant (testicular feminized) male rat. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1993; 8: 801–809.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderschueren, D., Boonen, S. and Bouillon, R. Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in men: a clinical perspective. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000a; 14:299–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderschueren, D., Vandenput, L., Boonen, S., Van Herck, E., Swinnen, J.V. and Bouillon, R. An aged rat model of partial androgen deficiency: prevention of both loss of bone and lean body mass by low-dose androgen replacement. Endocrinology 2000b; 141: 1642–1647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, O., Lindberg, M.K., Hollberg, K, Baylink, D.J., Andersson, G., Lubahn, D.B, Mohan, S, Gustafsson, J.-A. and Ohlsson, C. Estrogen receptor specificity in the regulation of skeletal growth and maturation in male mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000; 97: 5474–5479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakley, G.K., Schutte, H.D., Hannon, K.S. and Turner, R.T. Androgen treatment prevents loss of cancellous bone in the orchidectomized rat. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1991; 6: 325–330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., Swerdloff, R.S., Iranmanesh, A., Dobs, A., Snyder, P.J., Cunningham, G., Matsumoto, A.M., Weber, T. and Berman, N. Effects of transdermal testosterone gel on bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 2001; 54: 739–750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, R.S., Jilka, R.L., Parfitt, A.M. and Manolagas, S.C. The effects of androgen deficiency on murine bone remodeling and bone mineral density are mediated via cells of the osteoblastic lineage. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 4013–4021.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Windahl, S.H., Vidal, O., Andersson, G., Gustafsson, J.A. and Ohlsson, C. Increased cortical bone mineral content but unchanged trabecular bone mineral density in female ERpβ-/- mice. J. Clin. Invest. 1999; 104: 895–901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, W., Jee, W.S.S., Chen, J., Liu, H., Tarn, C S., Cui, L., Zhou, H., Setterberg, R.B. and Frost, H.M. Making rats rise to erect bipedal stance for feeding partially prevented orchidectomy-induced bone loss and added bone to intact rats. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2000; 15: 1158–1168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    D. Vanderschueren, L. Vandenput, A. Verstuyf, JV. Swinnen & R. Bouillon

  2. Leuven University Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    S. Boonen

Authors
  1. D. Vanderschueren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. Vandenput
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Verstuyf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. JV. Swinnen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. R. Bouillon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. Boonen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Rochester Medical Center, UK

    Chawnshang Chang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vanderschueren, D., Vandenput, L., Verstuyf, A., Swinnen, J., Bouillon, R., Boonen, S. (2002). Androgens, Skeletal Homeostasis, and Osteoporosis. In: Chang, C. (eds) Androgens and Androgen Receptor. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1161-8_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1161-8_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5422-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1161-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation