Abstract
The use of aluminum-containing adjuvants originated in 1926 with the observations of Glenny et al. (1926) that an alum-precipitated diphtheria vaccine had greater antigenic properties than the standard diphtheria vaccine. Other aluminum hydroxide gels used in the preparation of vaccines were shown by the early X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy studies of Souza Santos et al. (1958) to consist of crystalline phases ranging from poorly ordered boehmite (aluminum oxyhydroxide, A100H) to well-crystallized gibbsite and bayerite [aluminum hydroxide polymorphs, Al(OH)3]. Aluminum hydroxide gels containing phosphate were also developed as adjuvants. Although aluminum compounds have a long history of use as adjuvants, inconsistent antibody production has been a recurrent problem (Warren and Chedid, 1988). The adjuvant action of aluminum hydroxide has been reviewed by Aprile and Wardlaw (1966), Edelman (1980), Warren et al. (1986), and Nicklas (1992). Although the mechanism of adjuvant action of aluminum hydroxide and related phases is not fully understood, it is likely that surface area, surface charge, and morphology of the aluminum hydroxide are important factors (Hem and White, 1984).
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Hem, S.L., White, J.L. (1995). Structure and Properties of Aluminum-Containing Adjuvants. In: Powell, M.F., Newman, M.J. (eds) Vaccine Design. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_9
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