Abstract
Insects are more susceptible to impact than acceleration. However, insects are highly susceptible to the combination of acceleration followed by deceleration. Physical disturbances like rotation, tumbling, and especially impact of infested grain adversely affects stored-product insects. The adverse effects depend on the species and life stage of the insect species (Bailey 1962, Joffe 1963, Joffe and Clarke 1963, Bailey 1969, Loschiavo 1978, Ungsunantwiwat and Mills 1979). Mortality of larvae and adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), embedded in grain increased with increasing number of rotations, tumbling, and drops, followed by impact (Loschiavo 1978). The kernels were not damaged, and germination was not impaired. Sitophilus species exposed to rotation and tumbling suffered little mortality. However, when dropped several times from a height of 14.1 meters with a resulting velocity of 16.6 meters per second, mortality of the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), increased significantly. The effect of impact was higher when the adult beetles were dropped in sacks filled with grain probably due to further collision with kernels at the moment of impact as compared to being dropped with free-falling grain where additional impact is less likely. (1963) showed that the type, timing, and frequency of disturbance play a significant role in determining the extent of damage to S. oryzae. The different developmental stages of Sitophilus species vary in their susceptibility to a given amount of disturbance. Slight disturbances were found to cause death to the free-living adults. However, the most sensitive stages were found to be the egg and the 4th larval and pupal stages (Joffe and Clarke 1963, Bailey 1969, Bahr 1991). Dropping infested maize from a height of 10.8 meters (velocity 14.6 meters per second) caused more than 50% reduction in weevil emergence. Delays in the development time caused by physical stress were not observed. (1969) showed a clear additive effect as the number of impacts increased, even at very low impact speeds when the infested wheat was dropped several times. Regular turning of grain from one bin to another could, therefore, be lethal to insects. Maximum suppression of insect populations would be achieved by allowing time for more tolerant stages to develop into more susceptible stages and then turning again.
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Plarre, R., Reichmuth, F. (2000). Impact. In: Subramanyam, B., Hagstrum, D.W. (eds) Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product IPM. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4353-4_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4353-4_14
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