Abstract
Because children with externalizing disorders, such as those discussed in Chapters 7 and 8 in this volume, have a direct and disruptive effect on other individuals and institutions, these are the children who are most frequently referred to mental health clinics and who have been the primary focus of research attention. Consequently, conceptual and practical knowledge pertaining to children with internalizing problems, particularly anxiety, have lagged behind. However, research interest in anxiety in youth burgeoned with the establishment of the broad diagnostic category, Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence, in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abe, K. (1972). Phobias and nervous symptoms in childhood and maturity: Persistence and associations. British Journal of Psychiatry,120,275–283.
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychology.
Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. S. (1989). Behavioral inhibition and anxiety: Dispositional, developmental, and neural aspects of the anxious personality of the domestic cat. In J. S. Reznick (Ed.), Perspective on behavioral inhibition (pp. 93–124). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Agras, W. S., Chapin, H. N., & Oliveau, D. C. (1972). The natural history of phobia, Archives of General Psychiatry,26,315–317.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Eribaum.
Albano, A. M., Knox, L. S., & Barlow, D. H. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In A. R. Eisen, C. A. Kearney, & C. A. Schafer (Eds.), Clinical handbook of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 282–316). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Anderson, J. C. (1994). Epidemiology. In T. H. Ollendick, N. J. King, & W. Yule (Eds.), International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 293–315). New York: Plenum Press.
Anderson, J. C., Williams, S., McGee, R., & Silva, P. A. (1987). DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44,69–76.
Asher, S. R., & Cole, J. D. (1990). Peer rejection in childhood. London: Cambridge University Press.
Atkinson, L., Quarrington, B., Cyr, J. J., & Atkinson, F. V. (1989). Differential classification in school refusal. BritishJournal of Psychiatry,155,191–195.
Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.
Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,64,333–342.
Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. M., & Ryan, S. M. (1996). Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,24, 187–203.
Beidel, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiological assessment of anxious emotional states in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,97,80–82.
Beidel, D. C., Neal, A. M., & Lederer, A. S. (1991). The feasibility and validity of a daily diary for the assessment of anxiety in children. Behavior Therapy,22,505–517.
Seidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (1988). Comorbidity of test anxiety and other anxiety disorders in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,16,275–287.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children. Psychological Assessment,7,73–79.
Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women’s ways of knowing. New York: Basic Books.
Bell-Dolan, D., & Wessler, A. E. (1994). Attributional style of anxious children: Extensions from cognitive theory and research on adult anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8,79–96.
Bemporad, J. R., Beresin, E., & Rauch, P. (1993). Psycho-dynamic theories and treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2,763–777.
Berg, C., Rapoport, J. L., Whitaker, A., Davies, M., Leonard, H., Swedo, S., Braiman, S., & Lenane, M. (1989). Childhood obsessive compulsive disorder: A two-year prospective follow-up of a community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,28,528–533.
Berg, I. (1976). School phobia in the children of agoraphobic women. BritishJournal of Psychiatry,128,86–89.
Berg, I., Butler, A., & Pritchard, J. (1974). Psychiatric illness in the mothers of school phobic adolescents. British Journal of Psychiatry,125,466–467.
Berg, I., & McGuire, R. (1974). Are mothers of school phobic adolescents over protective? British Journal of Psychiatry,124,10–13.
Berg, I., Nichols, K., & Pritchard, C. (1969). School-phobia-Its classification and relationship to dependency. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,10,123–141.
Bernstein, G. A., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1986). School phobia: The overlap of affective and anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 235–241.
Bernstein, G. A., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1988). Pedigrees, functioning, and psychopathology in families of school phobic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,27, 70–74.
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Bolduc-Murphy, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Chaloff, J., Hirshfeld, D. R., & Kagan, J. (1993a). A three year follow-up of children with and without behavioral inhibition. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,32, 814–821.
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Bolduc-Murphy, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Chaloff, J., Hirshfeld, D. R., & Kagan, J. (1993b). Behavioral inhibition as a temperamental risk factor for anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,2, 667–684.
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Chaloir, J., & Kagan, J. (1995). Behavioral inhibition as a risk factor. In J. S. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 61–81). New York: Guilford Press.
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hirshfeld, D. R., Faraone, V., Bolduc, E., Gersten, M., Meminger, S., & Reznick, S. (1990). Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry,47, 21–26.
Bird, H. R., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Gould, M. S., Ribera J., Sesman, M., Woodbury, M., Huertas-Goldman, S., Pagan, A., Sanches-Lacay, A., & Moscoso, M. (1988). Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry,45, 1120–1126.
Bird, H. R., Gould, M. S., Yager, T., Staghezza, B., & Canino, G. (1989). Risk factors for maladjustment in Puerto Rican children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,28, 847–850.
Bowen, R. C., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1990). The prevalence of overanxious disorder and separation disorder in the community results from the Ontario Mental Health Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,29, 753–758.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
Burke, A. E., & Silverman, W. K. (1987). The prescriptive treatment of school refusal. Clinical Psychology Review,29, 570–574.
Canino, I. A., Gould, M. S., Prupis, S., & Shaffer, D. (1986). A comparison of symptoms and diagnosis in Hispanic and black children in an outpatient mental health clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,25, 254–259.
Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1989). Stability and natural history of DSM-III childhood diagnoses. Journal of theAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,29, 691–700.
Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues, and research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,32, 1063–1080.
Chorpita, B. F., Albano, A. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Cognitive processing in children: Relationship to anxiety and family influences. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,25, 170–176.
Clarke, J. C., & Jackson, J. A. (1983). Hypnosis and behavior therapy: The treatment of anxiety and phobias. Berlin: Springer.
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., & Brook, J. S. (1993). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence: II. Persistence of disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,34, 867–875.
Costello, A. J., Edelbrock, C. S., Dulcan, M. K., Kalas, R., & Klaric, S. H. (1984). Report to NIMH on the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC). Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health.
Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (1995). Epidemiology. In J. S. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 109–122). New York: Guilford Press.
Costello, E. J., Costello, A. J., Edelbrock, C. S., Burns, B. J., Dulcan, M.J., Brent, D., &Janiszewski, S. (1988). DSMIlI disorders in pediatric primary care: Prevalence and risk factors. Archives of General Psychology,45, 1107–1116.
Croake, J. W. (1969). Fears of children. Human Development,12, 239–247.
Dadds, M. R., Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., & Ryan, S. (1996). Family process and child anxiety and aggression: An observational analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,24, 715–734.
Dadds, M. R., Heard, P. M., & Rapee, R. M. (1992). The role of family intervention in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: Some preliminary findings. Behaviour Change,9, 171–177.
Davey, G. C. L. (1992). Classical conditioning and the acquisition of human fears and phobias: A review and synthesis of the literature. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy,14, 29–66.
Edelbrock, C., & Costello, A. (1984). Structured psychiatric interviews for children and adolescents. In G. Goldstein & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of psychological assessment (pp. 276–290). New York: Pergamon Press.
Eysenck, H.J. (1979). The conditioning model of neurosis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2, 155–199.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1993). Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year-olds. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,32, 1127–1134.
Finch, A. J., Jr., Lipovsky, J. A., & Casat, C. D. (1989). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Negative affectivity or separate constructs? In P. C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 171–196). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Finch, A. J., Saylor, C. F., Edwards, G. L., & McIntosh, J. A. (1987). Children’s Depression Inventory: Reliability over repeated administrations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,16, 339–341.
Flament, M. F., Whitaker, A., Rapoport, J. L., Davies, M., Zeremba-Berg, C., Kalikow, K. S., Sceery, W., & Shaffer, D. (1988). Obsessive compulsive disorder in adolescence: An epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,27, 764–771.
Foley, D., & Hay, D. A. (1992). Genetics and the nature of anxiety disorders. In G. F. Burrows, M. Roth, & R. Noyes, (Eds.), Handbook of anxiety: Contemporary issues and prospects for research in anxiety disorders (pp. 21–56). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1994). The efficacy of psychoanalysis for children with disruptive disorders. Journal of the. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,33, 45–55.
Fox, J. E., & Houston, B. K. (1981). Efficacy of self-instructional training for reducing children’s anxiety in an evaluative situation. Behavior Research and Therapy,19, 509–515.
Francis, G. (1988). Assessing cognitions in anxious children. Behavior Modification,12, 267–280.
Francis, G., Last, C. G., & Strauss, C. C. (1987). Expression of separation anxiety disorder: The roles of age and gender. Child Psychiatry and Human Development,18, 82–89.
Freud, S. (1909/1955). Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 10, pp. 3–149). London: Hogarth Press.
Fyer, A.J., Mannuzza, S., Gallops, M. P., Martin, L. Y., Aaronson, C., Gorman, J. M., Liebowitz, M. R., & Klein, D. F. (1990). Familial transmission of simple phobias and fears. Archives of General Psychiatry,47, 252–256.
Gerslma, C., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Arrindell, W. A. (1990). Anxiety, depression, and perception of early parenting: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review,10, 251–277.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ginsburg, G. S., Alonso E., Hammond-Laurence, K., & Silverman, W. K. (1995, November). Depressive symptoms as a predictor of impaired peer relationships in youth with anxiety disorders. Poster session presented at the 29th Annual Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC.
Ginsburg, G. S., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). Phobic and anxiety disorders in Hispanic and Caucasian youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,10, 517–528.
Ginsburg, G. S., Silverman, W. K., & Kurtines, W. M. (1995a). Family involvement in treating children with anxiety and phobic disorders: A look ahead. Clinical Psychology Review,15, 457–473.
Ginsburg, G. S., Silverman, W. K., & Kurtines, W. M. (1995b). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy. In A. R. Eisen, C. A. Kearney, & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Clinical handbook of anxiety disorders in children (pp. 521–549). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Glennon, B., & Weisz, J. R. (1978). An observational approach to the assessment of anxiety in young children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,46, 1246–1257.
Hammond-Laurence, K., & Silverman, W. K. (submitted). Comorbidity among childhood psychiatric disorders in clinic-referred children and adolescents with anxiety disorders.
Hampe, E., Noble, M., Miller, L. C., & Barrett, C. L. (1973). Phobic children at two years post-treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,82, 446–453.
Hekmat, H. (1987). Origins and development of human fear reactions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,1, 197–218.
Herjanic, B., & Reich, W. (1982). Development of a struc-tured psychiatric interview for children: Agreement be-tween child and parent on individual symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychiatry,10, 307–324.
Hirshfeld, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Bolduc, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Snidman, N., Reznick, J. S., & Kagan, J. (1992). Stable behavioral inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,31, 103–111.
Hodges, K., Kline, J., Stern, L., Cytryn, L., & McKnew, D. (1982). The development of a child assessment interview for research and clinical use. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,10, 173–189.
Israel, A. C., Silverman, W. K., & Solotar, L. C. (1987). Baseline adherence as a predictor of dropout in a children’s weight-reduction program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,55, 791–793.
Jones, M. C. (1924a). The elimination of children’s fears. Journal of Experimental Psychology,1, 383–390.
Jones, M. C. (1924b). A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminar,31, 308–315.
Kagan, J. (1989). Temperamental contributions to social behavior. American Psychologist,44, 668–674.
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Gibbons, J. (1989). Inhibited and uninhibited types of children. Child Development,60, 838–845.
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition. Child Development,58, 1459–1473.
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science,240, 167–171.
Kashani, J. H., Beck, N. C., Hoeper, E. W., Fallahi, C., Corcoran, C. M., McAllister, J. A., Rosenberg, T K., & Reid, J. C. (1987). Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry,144, 584–589.
Kashani, J. H., Vaidya, A. F., Soltys, S. M., Dandoy, A. C., Katz, L. M., & Reid, J. C. (1990). Correlates of anxiety in psychiatrically hospitalized children and their parents. Journal of Psychiatry,143, 319–323.
Kearney, C. A., Eisen, A. R., & Silverman, W. K. (1995). The legend and myth of school phobia. School Psychology Quarterly,10, 65–85.
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1992). Let’s not push the “panic button”: A cautionary analysis of panic disorder in adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review,12, 293–302.
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1993). Measuring the function of school refusal behavior: The School Refusal Assessment Scale. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,22, 85–96.
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1995). Family environment of youngsters with school refusal behavior: A synopsis with implications for assessment and treatment. American Journal of Family Therapy,23,59–72.
Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62, 200–210.
Kendall, P. C., & Chansky, T. E. (1991). Considering cogni-tion in anxiety-disordered children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,5,167–185.
Kendall, P. C., Howard, B. L., & Epps, J. (1988). The anxious child: Cognitive behavioral treatment strategies. Behavior Modification,12, 281–310.
Kendall, P. C., & Southam-Gerow, M. A. (1996). Long-term follow-up of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youths. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,64, 724–730.
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H. U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and l2-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry,51, 8–19.
King, N. J., Hamilton, D. I., & Ollendick, T. H. (1988). Children’s phobias: A behavioural perspective. New York: Wiley.
King, N.J., Ollendick, T. H., & Gullone, E. (1991). Negative affectivity in children and adolescents: Relations between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review,11, 441–459.
Klein, G. K., & Last, C. G. (1989). Anxiety disorders in children. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kohut, J. (1994). 7’he little book of phobias. Running Press: Philadelphia, PA.
Kranzler, H. (1988). Use ofbuspirone in an adolescent with overanxious disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,27, 789–790.
Kutcher, S. P., Reiter, S., & Gardner, D. M. (1995). Pharmacotherapy: Approaches and applications. In J. S. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 341–385). New York: Guilford Press.
Kutcher, S. P., Reiter, S., Gardner, D. M., & Klein, R. G. (1992). The pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,15, 41–67.
La Greca, A. M., & Stone, W. L. (1993). The Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised. Factor structure and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,22, 17–27.
Lang, P. J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy,8, 862–886.
Last, C. G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A. E., Finkelstein, R., & Strauss, C. C. (1987). Comparison of DSM-Ill separation anxiety and overanxious disorder: Demographic characteristics and patterns of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,26, 527–531.
Last, C G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A. E., Francis, G., & Grubb, H. J. (1987). Psychiatric illness in the mothers of anxious children. American Journal of Psychiatry,144, 1580–1583.
Last, C. G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A., Orvaschel, H., & Perrin, S. (1991). Anxiety disorders and their families. Archives of General Psychiatry,48, 928–934.
Last, C. G., & Perrin, S. (1993). Anxiety disorders in African-American and white children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,2, 153–164.
Last, C. G., Perrin, S., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1992). DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,31, 1070–1076.
Last, C. G., Phillips, J. E., & Statfeld, A. (1987). Childhood anxiety disorders in mothers and their children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development,18, 103–110.
Last, C. G., Strauss, C. C., & Francis, G. (1987). Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,175, 726–730.
Leonard, H. L., & Rapoport, J. (1991). Obsessive compulsive disorder. In“ M. Wiener (Ed.), Textbook of child and adolescent psychiatry (pp. 323–329). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Leonard, H. L., Swedo, S. E., Rapoport, J. L., Koby, E. V., Lenane, M. C., Cheslow, D. L., & Hamburger, S. D. (1989). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents. A double-blind crossover comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry,46, 1088–1092.
Le Roy, J. B., & Derdeyn, A. (1976). Drawings as a therapeutic medium: The treatment of separation anxiety in a four-year-old boy. Child Psychiatry and Human Development,6, 155–169.
Liddell, A., & Lyons, M. (1978). Thunderstorm phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy,16, 306–308.
Livingston, R., Nugent, H., Rader, L., Smith, G. R. (1985). Family histories of depressed and severely anxious children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,142, 1497–1499.
Lonigan, C. J., Carey, M. P., & Finch, A. J. (1994). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Negative affectivity and the utility of self-reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62, 1000–1008.
Maccoby, E. E. (1980). Social development: Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,50(1–2, Serial No. 209), 66–104.
Manassis, K., Bradley, S., Goldberg, S., Hood, J., & Swinson, R. P. (1994). Attachment in mothers with anxiety disorders and their children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,33, 1106–1113.
March, J. S., Leonard, H. L., & Swedo, S. E. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In J. S. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 251–275). New York: Guilford Press.
Mattis, S. G., & Ollendick, T. H. (1997). Children’s cognitive responses to the somatic symptoms of panic. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,25, 47–57.
Mattison, R. E., Bagnato, S.J., & Brubaker, B. M. (1988). Diagnostic utility of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale in children with DSM-III anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,2, 147–155.
McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., & Anderson, J. (1992). DSM-III disorders from age 11 to age 15 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,31, 50–59.
McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., Partridge, F., Silva, P. A., & Kelly, J. (1990). DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,29, 611–619.
Menzies, R. G., & Clarke, J. C. (1995). The etiology of phobias: A nonassociative account. Clinical Psychology Review,15, 23–48.
Merckelbach, H., De Ruiter, C., Van De Hout, M. A., & Hoekstra, R. (1989). Conditioning experiences and phobias. Behaviour Research and 7 herapy,27, 657–662.
Messer, S. C., & Beidel, D. C. (1994). Psychosocial correlates of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,33, 975–983.
Moran, C., & Andrews, G. (1985). The familial occurrence of agoraphobia. BritishJournal of Psychiatry,146, 262–267.
Moreau, D., & Follet, C. (1993). Panic disorder in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,2, 581–602.
Mowrer, O. H. (1939). A stimulus-response theory of anxiety and its role as reinforcing agent. Psychological Review,46,553–565.
Murray, E. J., & Foote, F. (1979). The origins of fear of snakes. Behaviour Research and Therapy,17, 489–493.
Neal, A. M., Lilly, R. S., & Zakis, S. (1993). What are African American children afraid of? A preliminary study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,7, 129–139.
Nelles, W. B., & Barlow, D. H. (1988). Do children panic? Clinical Psychology Review,8, 359–372.
Nelson, W. M., III, & Politano, P. M. (1990). Children’s Depression Inventory: Stability over repeated administrations in psychiatric inpatient children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,19, 254–256.
Ollendick, T. H. (1979). Fear reduction techniques with children. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 8, pp. 127–168). New York: Academic Press.
Ollendick, T. H. (1983). Reliability and validity of the revised Fear Survey Schedule för Children (FSSC-R). Behaviour Research and Therapy,21, 395–399.
Ollendick, T. H., & King, N.J. (1991). Origins of childhood fears: An evaluation of Rachman’s theory of fear acquisition. Behaviour Research and Therapy,29, 117–123.
Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1994). Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of internalizing problems in children: The role of longitudinal data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62, 918–927.
Ollendick, T. H., Mattis, S. G., & King, N.J. (1994). Panic in children and adolescents: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,35, 113–134.
Ollendick, T. H., Yang, B., Dong, Q., Xia, Y., & Lin, L. (1995). Perceptions of fear in other children and adolescents: The role of gender and friendship status. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,23, 439–452.
Ost, L. G. (1985). Ways of acquiring phobias and outcome of behavioral treatments. Behaviour Research and Therapy,23,683–689.
Ost, L. (1987). Age of onset in different phobias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,96, 123–145.
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin,102, 357–389.
Perrin, S., & Last, C. G. (1992). Do childhood anxiety measures measure anxiety? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,20, 567–578.
Prins, P.J. M. (1986). Children’s self-speech and self-regulation during a fear-provoking behavioral test. Behaviour Research and Therapy,24, 181–191.
Prins, P.J. M., Groot, M.J. M., & Hanewald, G.J. F. P. (1994). Cognition in test-anxious children: The role of on-task and coping cognition reconsidered. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62, 404–409.
Puig-Antich, J., & Chambers, W. (1978). The Schedule forAf-fective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-AgedChildren. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Quay, H. C., & Peterson, D. R. (1983). Interim manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. (Available from Herbert C. Quay, Box 248074, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124.)
Rachman, S. (1977). The conditioning therapy of fear acquisition: A critical examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy,15, 375–387.
Rachman, S. (1983). Irrational thinking, with special reference to cognitive therapy. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy,5, 63–68.
Rapee, R. M., Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Evans, L. (1994). Reliability of the DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorders using structured interview: Interrater and parent-child agreement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,33, 984–992.
Reich, J., & Yates, W. (1988). Family history of psychiatric disorders in social phobia. Comprehensive Psychiatry,29, 72–75.
Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy model of fear, anxiety and panic. Clinical Psychology Review,11, 141–154.
Rescorla, R. A. (1988). Pavlovian conditioning: It’s not what you think it is. American Psychologist,43, 151–160.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I thinkand feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxi-ety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,6, 271–280.
Richardson, S. A., Dohrenwend, B. S., & Klein, D. (1965). Interviewing;; Ids forms and functions. New York: Basic Books.
Rimm, D. C., Janda, H. L., lancaster, D. W., Nahl, M., & Ditt-mar, K. (1977). An exploratory investigation of the origin and maintenance of phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy,15, 231–238.
Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Bolduc, E. A., Hirshfeld, D. R., Faraone, S. V., & Kagan, J. (1992). Comorbidity of parental anxiety disorders as risk for childhood-onset anxiety in inhibited children. AmericanJournal ofPsychiatry,149, 475–481.
Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Gersten, M., Hirshfeld, D. R., Meminger, S. R., Herman, J. B., Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia. A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry,45, 463–470.
Rubin, K. H., & Mills, R. S. L. (1991). Conceptualizing developmental pathways to internalizing disorders in childhood. CanadianJournal of Behaviaral Science,23,300–317.
Sallee, R., & Greenawald, J. (1995). Neurobiology. In J. S. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 3–34). New York: Guilford Press.
Sarason, S. B., Davidson, K. S., Lighthall, F. F., Waite, R. R., & Ruebush, B. K. (1960). Anxiety in elementary school children. New York: Wiley.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1970). On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review,77, 406–418.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy,2, 307–320.
Silverman, W. K. (1991). Diagnostic reliability of anxiety disorders in children using structured interviews. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,5, 105–124.
Silverman, W. K. (1992). Taxonomy of anxiety disorders in children. In G. D. Burrows, R. Noyes, & S. M. Roth (Eds.), Handbook of anxiety (Vol. 5, pp. 281–308). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Silverman, W. K. (1993, June). Behavioral treatment of childhood phobias: An update and preliminary research findings. In E. Hibbs (Chair), Psychosocial and combined treatment for childhood disorders: Development and issues. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit program, Boca Raton, FL.
Silverman, W. K. (1994). Structured diagnostic interviews. In T. H. Ollendick, N.J. King, & W. Yule (Eds.), International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 293–315). New York: Plenum Press.
Silverman, W. K., Cerny, J. A., & Nelles, W. B. (1988). The familial influence in anxiety disorders: Studies on the offspring of patients with anxiety disorders. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 223–248). New York: Plenum Press.
Silverman, W. K., Cerny, J. A., Nelles, W. B., & Burke, A. E. (1988). Behavior problems in children of parents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,27, 779–784.
Silverman, W. K., & Eisen, A. R. (1992). Age differences in the reliability of parent and child reports of child anx-ious symptomatology using a structured interview. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,31, 117–124.
Silverman, W. K.,& Eisen, A. R. (1993). Phobic disorders. In R. T. Ammerman, C. G. Last, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of prescriptive treatments for children and adolescents (pp. 17–197). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Silverman, W. K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., & Peterson, R. A. (1991). Childhood anxiety sensitivity index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,20, 162–168.
Silverman, W. K., Ginsburg, G. S., & Kurtines, W. M. (1995). Clinical issues in the treatment of children with anxiety and phobic disorders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,2,93–117.
Silverman, W. K., & Kurtines, W. K. (1996a). Anxiety and phobic disorders: A pragmatic approach. New York: Plenum Press.
Silverman, W. K., & Kurtines, W. K. (1996b). Treating internalizing disorders in youth: The evolution of a transfer of control psychosocial treatment approach. In E. D. Hibbs & P. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatment of child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 63–82). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Silverman, W. K., La Greca, A. M., & Wasserstein, S. (1995). What do children worry about? Worry and its relation to anxiety. Child Development,66, 671–686.
Silverman, W. K., & Nelles, W. B. (1988a). The influence of gender on children’s ratings of fear in self and same-aged peers. Journal of Genetic Psychology,149, 17–22.
Silverman, W. K., & Nelles, W. B. (1988b). The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,27, 772–778.
Silverman, W. K., & Rabian, B. (1995). Test-retest reliability of the DSM-III-R anxiety disorders symptoms using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,9, 1–12.
Silverman, W. K., & Rabian, B. (in press). Rating scales for anxiety and mood disorders. In D. Shaffer & J. Richters (Eds.), Assessment in child psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
Simeon, J. G., Ferguson, H. B., Knott, V., Roberts, N., Gauthier, B., Dubois, C., & Wiggins, D. (1992). Clinical, cognitive and neurophysiological effects of alprazolam in children and adolescents with overanxious and avoidant disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,31, 29–33.
Solomon, R. L., & Wynne, L. C. (1954). Traumatic avoidance learning: The principles of anxiety conservation and partial irreversibility. Psychological Review,61, 358–385.
Solyom, L., Beck, P., Solyom, C., & Hugel, R. (1974). Some etiological factors in phobic neurosis. Canadian Psychiatric Association journal,19, 69–78.
Spielberger, C. D. (1973). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety In-ventory for Children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: Roots of maladaptation and competence. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology,16. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Stampfl, T. G. (1991). Analysis of aversive events in human psychopathology: Fear and avoidance. In M. R. Denny (Ed.), Fear,avoidance, and phobias: A fundamental analysis (pp.363–393). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Strauss, C. C., Frame, C. L., & Forehand, R. (1987). Psychosocial impairment associated with anxiety in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,16, 235–239.
Strauss, C. C., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P., Frame, C. I.., & Hynd, G. W. (1988). Peer social status of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,56,137–141.
Strauss, C. C., & Last, C. G. (1993). Social and simple phobias in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,2, 141–152.
Strauss, C. C., Lease, C. A., Kazdin, A. E., Dulcan, M. K., & Last, C. G. (1989). Multimethod assessment of the social competence of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,18, 184–189.
Strauss, C. C., Lease, C. A., Last, C. G., & Francis, G. (1988). Overanxious disorder: An examination of developmental differences. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,16, 433–443.
Suomi, S. J. (1984). The development of affect in rhesus monkeys. In N. Fox & R. Davidson (Eds.), The psychobiology of affective disorders (pp. 119–159). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Suomi, S.J. (1986). Anxiety-like disorders in young nonhuman primates. In R. Gittleman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 1–23). New York: Guilford Press.
Swedo, S. E., Rapoport, J. L., Leonard, H., Lenane, M., & Cheslow, D. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry,46, 335–341.
Torgersen, S. (1985). Heredity differentiation of anxiety and affective neuroses. British Journal of Psychiatry,146, 530–534.
Torgersen, S. (1990). Comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders in twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry,147, 1199–1202.
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Costello, A. (1987). Psychopathology in the offspring of anxiety disorders patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,55, 229–235.
Vasey, M. W., Daleiden, E. L., Williams, L. L., & Brown, I.. (1995). Biased attention in childhood anxiety disorders: A preliminary study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,23, 267–279.
Velez, C. N., Johnson, J., & Cohen, P. (1989). A longitudinal analysis of selected risk factors for childhood psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,28, 861–864.
Waters, E. (1978). The stability of individual differences in infant—mother attachment. Child Development,49, 483–494.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,97, 346–353.
Watson, D., & Kendall, P. C. (1989). Common and differentiating features of anxiety and depression: Current findings and future directions. In P. C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 493–508). New York: Academic Press.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. puma/ of Experimental Psychology,3, 1–14.
Weissman, M. M., Leckman, J. F., Merikangas, K. R., Gammon, G. D., & Prusoff, B. A. (1984). Depression and anxiety disorders in parents and children. Archives of General Psychiatry,41, 845–852.
Werry, J. S. (1991). Overanxious disorder: A review of its taxonomic properties. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,30, 533–544.
Wolpe, J., & Rachman, S. (1960). Psychoanalytic “evidence”: A critique based on Freud’s case of Little Hans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,131, 135–147.
Zatz, S., & Chassin, L. (1985). Cognitions of test-anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,53, 393–401.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Silverman, W.K., Ginsburg, G.S. (1998). Anxiety Disorders. In: Ollendick, T.H., Hersen, M. (eds) Handbook of Child Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5905-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5905-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7709-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5905-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive