Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is at present one of the most commonly encountered acute perinatal insults to brain and is a major cause of death in low-birth-weight infants.12,30,67,89,90 IVH is associated clinically with respiratory distress in from 50 to 95% of cases and is the most common neuropathological finding in infants dying with this disorder.44 Improvement in the management of the complex of problems faced by the premature neonate has led to the survival of many infants who have sustained IVH. Recent statistics of longterm morbidity indicate an ultimately poor outcome with a high incidence of developmental retardation, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and learning disability.16,35–38 If severe IVH is associated with intraparenchymal hemorrhage, then the mortality is 88% in preterm newborns less than 1000 g and is 36% in preterm neonates greater than 1000 g with most survivors severely afflicted.48a Therefore, accurate diagnosis of IVH, identification of prognostic factors, and management of posthemorrhagic complications have become of increasing importance in the neonatal intensive care unit population.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albright, L., Fellows, R.: Sequential CT scanning after neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. Amer. J. Neuroradiology2: 133–137, 1981.
Baltch, A., Osborne, W.: Inquiry into causes of lowered spinal fluid sugar content: In vivo and in vitro observations. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 49: 882–889, 1957.
Babcock, D. S., Bove, K. E., Han, B. K.: Intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants: Sonographic-pathologic correlation. Am. J. Neurol. Res. 3: 309–317, 1982.
Bovit, A., Sidman, R. L.: New mutant mouse with communicating hydrocephalus and secondary aqueductal stenosis. Acta Neuropathol. 21: 316–331, 1972.
Brann, A. W., Myers, R. E.: Central nervous system findings in the newborn monkey following severe in utero partial asphyxia. Neurology25: 327–338, 1975.
Chaplin, E. R., Schlueter, M. A., Phibbs, R. H., Kitterman, J. A., Tooley, W. H.: Fetal hemoglobin in the diagnosis of neonatal subarachnoid hemorrhages. Pediatrics58: 751–754, 1976.
Chessels, J. M., Wigglesworth, J. S.: Secondary haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. 45: 539–543, 1970.
Cooper, A. J., Beaty, H. N., Oppenheimer, S. I., Goodner, C. J., Petersdorf, R. G.: Studies on the pathogenesis of meningitis. VII. Glucose transport and spinal fluid production in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 71: 473–483, 1968.
Deonna, T., Calame, A., Van Melle, G., PROD’HOM, L.-S.: Hypoglycorrhachia in neonatal intracranial hemorrhage: Relationship to post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Helv. Paediatr. Acta32: 351–361, 1977.
Deonna, T., Payot, M., Probst, A., PROD’HOM, L.-S.: Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants. Pediatrics56: 1056–1064, 1975.
Donat, J. F., Okazaki, H., Kleinberg, F., Reagan, T. J.: Intraventricular hemorrhages in full-term and premature infants. Mayo Clin. Proc. 53: 437–441, 1978.
Dyer, N., Brill, A., Tsiantos, A., Sell, E., Victorin, L., Stahlman, M.: Timing of intracranial bleeding in newborn infants. J. Nucl. Med. 14: 807–811, 1973.
Dykes, F. D., Ahmann, P. A., Lazzara, A.: Age of occurance of severe hydrocephalus: Natural history. Ann. Neurol. 12: 255, 1982.
Escobedo, M., Barton, L. L., Volpe, J.: Cerebrospinal fluid studies in an intensive care nursery. J. Perinat. Med. 3: 204–210, 1975.
Fedrick, J., Butler, N. R.: Certain causes of neonatal death. II. Intraventricular haemorrhage. Biol. Neonate15: 257–290, 1970.
Fein, J. M.: Cerebral energy metabolism after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke6: 1–8, 1975.
Fein, J. M.: Brain energetics and circulatory control after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg. 45: 498–507, 1976.
Fishman, R. A.: Carrier transport of glucose between blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Am. J. Physiol. 206: 836–844, 1964.
Fitzhardinge, P. M., Pape, K., Arstikaitis, M., Boyle, M., Ashby, S., Rowley, A., Netley, C., Swyer, P. R.: Mechanical ventilation of infants of less than 1501 gm birth weight: Health, growth, and neurologic sequelae. J. Pediatr. 88: 531–541, 1976.
Froman, C., Smith, A. C.: Metabolic acidosis of the cerebrospinal fluid associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Lancet1: 965–967, 1967.
Fujimura, M., Salisbury, D. M., Robinson, R. O., Howat, P., Emerson, P. M., Keeling, J. W., Tizard, J. P. M.: Clinical events relating to intraventricular haemorrhage in the newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. 54: 409–414, 1979.
Goddard, J., Lewis, R. M., Alcala, H., Zeller, R. S.: Intraventricular hemorrhage—an animal model. Biol. Neonate37: 39–52, 1980.
Goddard, J., Lewis, R. M., Armstrong, D. L., Zeller, R. S.: Intraventricular hemorrhage—an animal model: Initial hypoxia studies. Ann. Neurol. 6: 174, 1979.
Goddard, J., Lewis, R. M., Armstrong, D. L., Zeller, R. S.: Moderate, rapidly induced hypertension as a cause of intraventricular hemorrhage in the newborn beagle model. J. Pediatr. 96: 1057–1060, 1980.
Goldring, S., Harford, C. G.: Effects of leucocytes and bacteria on glucose content of the cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis. Pro. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 75: 669–672, 1950.
Goldstein, G. W.: Pathogenesis of brain edema and hemorrhage: Role of the brain capillary. Pediatrics64: 357–360, 1979.
Goodwin, L. S., Hellmann, J., Vannucci, R. C., Maisels, M. J.: Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and blood lactate in low birth weight infants, Pediatr. Res. 14:(4)632, 1980.
Goodwin, L. S., Hellmann, J., Vannucci, R. C., Maisels, M. J.: Ventricular dimensions of the brain on CT scan in premature and full-term infants Arch. Neurol. 38: 447–449, 1981.
Granholm, L.: The effect of blood in the CSF on the CSF lactate, pyruvate and bicarbonate concentrations. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 23: 361–366, 1969.
Grant, E. G., Borts, F., Schellinger, D., McCullough, D. C., Smith, Y.: Cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage in neonates: Sonographic appearance. Amer. J. Neuroradiology2: 129–132, 1981.
Guest, G. M., Mackler, B., Graubarth, H., Ammentorp, P. A.: Rates of utilization of glucose in erythrocytes and leucocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 172: 295–300, 1953.
Gyllensward, A., MALMSTRöM, S.: The cerebrospinal fluid in immature infants. Acta Paediatr. Scand. Suppl. 135: 54–62, 1962.
Hambleton, G., Wigglesworth, J. S.: Origin of intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant. Arch. Dis. Child. 51: 651–659, 1976.
Harcke, H. T., Naeye, R. L., Storch, A., Blanc, W. A.: Perinatal cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage. J. Pediatr. 80: 37–42, 1972.
Hellmann, J., Beausang, T., Vannucci, R. C., Maisels, M. J.: Unpublished observations.
Hellmann, J., Vannucci, R. C., Nardis, E. E.: Blood-brain-barrier permeability to lactic acid in newborn dogs: Lactate as a cerebral metabolic fuel. Pediatr. Res. 16: 40–44, 1982.
Hernandez, M. J., Brennan, R. W., Bowman, G. S.: Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the newborn dog, Brain Res. 184: 199–202, 1980.
Hernandez, M. J., Brennan, R. W., Vannucci, R. C., Bowman, G. S.: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in the newborn dog. Am. J. Physiol. 234(5):R209-R215, 1978.
Korobkin, R.: The relationship between head circumference and the development of communicating hydrocephalus in infants following intraventricular hemorrhage. Pediatrics56: 74–77, 1975.
Korobkin, R.: The prognosis for survivors of perinatal intraventricular hemorrhage. In Korobkin, R., Guilleminault, C. (eds.): Advances in Perinatal Neurology, Vol. 1. New York, SP Medical and Scientific Books, 1979, pp. 141–151.
Krishnamoorthy, K. S., Fernandez, R. A., Momose, K. J., Delong, G. R., Moylan, F. M. B., Todres, D., Shannon, D. C.: Evaluation of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage by computerized tomography. Pediatrics59: 165–172, 1977.
Krishnamoorthy, K. S., Shannon, D. C., DeLong, G. R., Todres, I. D., Davis, K. R.: Neurologic sequelae in the survivors of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Pediatrics64: 233–237, 1979.
Larroche, J. U.: Hémorragies cérébrales intraventriculaires chez le prématuré: Anatomie et Physiopathologie. Biol. Neonate7: 26–56, 1964.
Larroche, J. U.: Post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus in infancy: Anatomical study. Biol. Neonate20: 287–299, 1972.
Larroche, J. U.: Intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature neonate. In Korobkin, R., Guilleminault, C. (eds.) Advances in Perinatal Neurology, Vol. 1. New York, SP Medical and Scientific Books, 1979, pp. 115–140.
Lazzara, A., Ahmann, P., Dykes, F., Brann, A. W., Schwartz, J.: Clinical predictability of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Pediatrics65: 30–34, 1980.
Leblanc, R., O’GORMAN, A. M.: Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage: A clinical and serial computerized tomographic study. J. Neurosurg. 53: 642–651, 1980.
Leech, R. W., Kohnen, P.: Subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhages in the newborn. Am. J. Pathol77: 465–476, 1974.
Leech, R. W., Olson, M. I., Alvord, E. C.: Neuropathologic features of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 103: 341–343, 1979.
Lou, H. C., Lassen, N. A., Friis-Hansen, B.: Impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the distressed newborn infant. J. Pediatr. 94: 118–121, 1979.
Lowry, O. H., Passonneau, J. V.: A Flexible System of Enzymatic Analysis. New York, Academic Press, 1972.
Maclean, H., Weir, H. B.: The part played by the different blood elements in glycolysis. Biochem. J. 9: 412–419, 1915.
Mantovani, J. F., Pasternack, J. F., Mathew, O. P., Allen, W. C., Mills, M. T., Casper, J., Volpe, J. J.: Failure of daily lumbar punctures to prevent the development of hydrocephalus following intraventricular hemorrhage. J. Pediatr. 97: 278–281, 1980.
Mathew, O. P., Bland, H. E., James, E.: CSF lactate levels in high risk neonates. Pediatr. Res. 13:500, 1979.
McMenamin, J. B., Shackelford, G. D., Volpe, J. J.: Outcome of severe intraventricular hemorrhage with intraparenchymal hemorrhage in the preterm newborn. Ann. Neurol. 12: 217, 1982.
Menkes, J. H.: The cause for low spinal fluid sugar in bacterial meningitis: Another look. Pediatrics44: 1–3, 1969.
Ment, L. R., Stewart, W. B., Scott, D. T., Duncan, C. C.: Beagle puppy model of intraventricular hemorrhage: Randomized indomethacin prevention trial. Ann. Neurol. 12: 199, 1982.
Moriette, G., Relier, J. P., Larroche, J. U.: Les hemorragies intraventriculaires au cours de la maladie des membranes hyalines du prématuré. Arch. Fr. Pediatr. 34: 492–502, 1977.
Myers, R. E.: Two patterns of perinatal brain damage and their conditions of occurrence. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 112: 246–276, 1972.
Myers, R. E.: Fetal asphyxia due to umbilical cord compression. Biol. Neonate26: 21–43, 1975.
Nelson, R. M., Bucciarelli, R. L., Nagel, J. W., Beale, E. F., Eitzman, D. V.: Hypoglycorrhachia associated with intracranial hemorrhage in newborn infants. J. Pediatr. 94: 800–803, 1979.
Norman, M. G.: Perinatal brain damage. Perspect. Pediatr. Pathol. 4: 41–92, 1978.
Nugent, G. R., Al-Mefty, O., Chou, S.: Communicating hydrocephalus as a cause of aqueductal stenosis. J. Neurosurg. 51: 812–818, 1979.
Otila, E.: Studies on the cerebrospinal fluid in premature infants. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 35(Suppl. 8): 9–100, 1948.
Pape, K. E., Wigglesworth, J. S.: Haemorrhage, Ischaemia and the Perinatal Brain. London, Spastics International Medical Publications, 1979.
Papile, L., Burstein, J., Burstein, R., Koffler, H.: Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants with birthweights less than 1500 gm. J. Pediatr. 92: 529–534, 1978.
Papile, L. A., Burstein, J., Burstein, R., Koffler, H., Koops, B. L., Johnson, J. D.: Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in low-birth-weight infants: Treatment by serial lumbar punctures. J. Pediatr. 97: 273–277, 1980.
Petersdorf, R. G., Swarner, D. R., Garcia, M.: Further observations on mechanism of hypoglycorrhachia in experimental meningitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 104: 65–68, 1950.
Prockop, L. D., Fishman, R. A.: Experimental pneumococcal meningitis: Permeability changes influencing the concentration of sugars and macromolecules in cerebrospinal fluid. Arch. Neurol. 19: 449–463, 1968.
Raisis, J. E., Kindt, G. W., Mcgillicuddy, J. E., Miller, C. A.: Cerebrospinal fluid lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratios in hydrocephalus. J. Neurosurg. 44: 337–341, 1976.
Rapoport, S. I.: Blood-Brain Barrier in Physiology and Medicine. New York, Raven Press, 1976.
Reynolds, M. L., Evans, C. A. N., Reynolds, E. O. R., Saunders, N. R., Durbin, G. M., Wigglesworth, J. S.: Intracranial haemorrhage in the preterm sheep fetus. Early Hum. Dev. 3: 163–186, 1979.
Rice, J. E., Vannucci, R. C., Brierley, J. B.: The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat. Ann. Neurol. 9: 131–141, 1981.
Ross, J. J., Dimmette, R. M.: Subependymal cerebral hemorrhage in infancy. Am. J. Dis. Child. 110: 531–542, 1965.
Sarff, L. D., Platt, L. H., McCracken, G. H.: Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation in neonates: Comparison of high-risk infants with and without meningitis. J. Pediatr. 88: 473–477, 1976.
Schoenberg, B. S., Mellinger, J. F., Schoenberg, D. G.: Perinatal intracranial hemorrhage: Incidence and clinical features. Arch. Neurol. 34: 570–573, 1977.
Shannon, D. C., Shore, N., Kazemi, H.: Acid-base balance in hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid. Neurology22: 585–589, 1972.
Sherwood, A., Hopp, A., Smith, J. F.: Cellular reactions to subependymal plate haemorrhage in the human neonate. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 4: 245–261, 1978.
Simmons, M. A., Adcock, E. W., Bard, H., Battaglia, F. C.: Hypernatremia and intracranial hemorrhage in neonates. N. Engl. J. Med. 291: 6–10, 1974.
Sprong, W.: Disappearance of blood from cerebrospinal fluid in traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: Ineffectiveness of repeated lumbar punctures. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 58: 705–710, 1934.
Sugi, T., Fujishima, M., Omae, T.: Lactate and pyruvate concentrations and acid-base balance of cerebrospinal fluid in experimentally induced intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs. Stroke6: 715–719, 1975.
Sugi, T., Fujishima, M., Yamaguchi, T.: Lactate and pyruvate concentrations and acid-base balance of cerebrospinal fluid and arterial blood in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Clin. Neurol. 15: 5–14, 1975.
Svenningsen, N. W., SIESJö, B. K.: Cerebrospinal fluid lactate/pyruvate ratio in normal and asphyxiated neonates. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 61: 117–124, 1972.
Thomas, D. B.: Hyperosmolality and intraventricular haemorrhage in premature babies. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 65: 429–432, 1976.
Towbin, A.: Cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage and subependymal matrix infarction in the fetus and premature newborn. Am. J. Pathol. 52: 121–139, 1968.
Troost, B. T., Walker, J. E., Cherington, M.: Hypoglycorrhachia associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Arch. Neurol19: 438–442, 1968.
Tsiantos, A., Victorin, L., Relier, J. P., Dyer, N., Sundell, H., Brill, A., Stahlman, M.: Intracranial hemorrhage in the prematurely born infant: Timing of clots and evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms. J. Pediatr. 85: 854–859, 1974.
Turbeville, D. F., Bowen, F. W., Killam, A. P.: Intracranial hemorrhages in kittens: Hypernatremia versus hypoxia. J. Pediatr. 89: 294–297, 1976.
Vannucci, R. C., Duffy, T. E.: The influence of birth on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in rat brain. Am. J. Physiol226: 933–940, 1974.
Vannucci, R. C., Duffy, T. E.: Cerebral oxidative and energy metabolism of fetal and neonatal rats during anoxia and during recovery. Am. J. Physiol230: 1269–1275, 1976.
Vannucci, R. C., Duffy, T. E.: Cerebral metabolism in newborn dogs during reversible asphyxia. Ann. Neurol1: 528–534, 1977.
Vannucci, R. C., Hellmann, J., Dubynsky, O., Page, R. B., Maisels, M. J.: Cerebral oxidative metabolism in perinatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol22: 308–316, 1980.
Vannucci, R. C., Hernandez, M. J.: Cerebral blood flow re intracranial hemorrhage. J. Pediatr. 95: 496–497, 1979.
Vannucci, R. C., Towfighi, J., Brierley, J. B.: Unpublished observations.
Vert, P., Andre, M., Sibout, M.: Continuous positive airway pressure and hydrocephalus. Lancet2: 319, 1973.
Volpe, J. J.: Neonatal periventricular hemorrhage: Past, present and future. J. Pediatr. 92: 693–696, 1978.
Volpe, J. J.: Cerebral blood flow in the newborn infant: Relation to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and periventricular hemorrhage. J. Pediatr. 94: 170–173, 1979.
Volpe, J. J.: Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. N. Engl. J. Med. 304: 886–891, 1981.
Wigglesworth, J. S., Keith, I. H., Girling, D. J., Slade, S. A.: Hyaline membrain disease, alkali, and intraventricular haemorrhage. Arch. Dis. Child. 51: 755–762, 1976.
Wigglesworth, J. S., Pape, K. E.: An integrated model for haemorrhagic and ischaemic lesions in the newborn brain. Early Hum. Dev. 2: 179–199, 1978.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hellmann, J., Vannucci, R.C. (1983). Perinatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage. In: Wood, J.H. (eds) Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9269-3_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9269-3_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9271-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9269-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive