Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture composed of 5,000–10,000 different chemicals in the particulate phase, of which about 3,000 have been identified (1), and 1,000–2,000 chemicals in the gas phase. The particulate fraction contains many chemicals that are capable of inducing cancer in model test systems. Among these chemicals are certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [e.g., benzo(a)pyrene (BP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and benz(a)anthracene]; certain nitrosamines (e.g., diethylnitrosamine and nitrosopiperidine); and certain aromatic amines [e.g., 2-napthylamine (2-NA) and 2-aminofluorenes (2-AF)] (see review 2). These chemicals are normally at levels approaching 0.5–20 ng/cigarette. The particulate phase also contains chemicals that are capable of promoting carcinogenesis (2–4). The level of these chemicals (e.g., catachol) are on the order of 10,000–100,000 ng/cigarette. Thus, there is a problem in determining not only whether cigarette smoke plays an active role in smoke-associated cancers in man, but also if this association occurs at the level of initiation and/or promotion of cancer.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Wakeham H. Recent trends in tobacco and tobacco smoke research. In: The Chemistry of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke (Schmeltz I, ed.), New York, Plenum Press, 1972, pp 1–20
Weisburger JH, Cohen LA, Wynder EL. On the etiology and metabolic epidemiology of the main human cancers. In: Origins of Human Cancer (Hiatt H, Watson JD, and Winsten JA, eds.), Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1977, pp 567–602
Bock FG, Swain AP, Stedman RL. Bioassay of major fractions of cigarette smoke condensate by an accelerated technic. Cancer Res 29:584–587, 1969
Van Duuren B, Katz C, Goldschmidt BM. Co-carcinogenic agents in tobacco carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 51:703–705, 1973
McCann J, Spingarn NE, Kobori J, Ames BN. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens: Bacterial tester strains with R factor plasmids. Proc Natl Acad Sci US 72:979–983, 1975
Patel AR, Haq MZ, Innerarity CI, Innerarity LJ, Weisgraber K. Fraction studies of smoke condensate samples from Kentucky reference cigarettes. Tobacco 176:61–62, 1974
Schechtman LM, Kouri RE. Control of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mammalian cell cytotoxicity, mutagenesis and transformation by exogenous enzyme fractions. In: Progress in Genetic Toxicology (Scott D, Bridges BA, Sobels FH, eds.), New York, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1977, pp 307–316
Kouri RE, Schechtman LM. In vitro metabolic activation systems. In: Short-Term In Vitro Testing for Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Toxicity (Berky J, Sherrod PC, eds.), Philadelphia, Franklin Inst. Press, 1978, pp 423–430
Weigele M, DeBernardo S, Tenji J, Leimgruber W. A novel reagent for the fluorometric assay of primary amines. J Amer Chem Soc 94:5927–5931, 1972
Nebert DW, Gielen JE. Genetic regulation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in the mouse. Fed Proc 31:1315–1324, 1976
Kouri RE, Rude T, Thomas PE, Whitmire CE. Studies on bred strains of mice. Chem-Biol Interactions 13:317–331, 1976
Kier LD, Yamasaki E, Ames BN. Detection of mutagenic Acad Sci US 71:4159–4163, 1974
Swain AP, Cooper JE, Stedman RL. Large scale fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate for chemical and biological investigations. Cancer Res 29:579–583, 1969
Kouri RE, Demoise CF, Whitmire CE. The significance of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme systems in the selection of model systems for respiratory carcinogens. In: Experimental Lung Cancer, Carcinogenesis and Bioassays (Karbe E, Park J, eds.), New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974, pp 48–61
Benedict WF, Rucker N, Faust J, Kouri RE. Malignant transformation of mouse cells by cigarette smoke condensate. Cancer Res 35:857–860, 1975
Lazer P, Chouroulinkov I, Izard C, Moree-Testa P, Hemon D. Bioassays of carcinogenicity after fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate. Biomedicine 20:214–222, 1974
Stanton MF, Miller E, Wrench C, Blackwell R. Experimental induction of epidermoid carcinoma in the lungs of rats by cigarette smoke condensate. J Natl Cancer Inst 49:867–877, 1972
Gielen JE, Van Cantfort J. Organ selectivity and biochemical characteristics of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by cigarette smoke in rats and mice. IARC, Scientific Publication No. 12:275–291, 1975
Gelboin HV, Huberman E, Sachs L. Enzymatic hydroxylation of benz(a)pyrene and its relationship to cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 64:1188–1195, 1969
Somogyi A, Kovacs K, Solymoss R, Kuntzman R, Conney AH. Suppression of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene produced adrenal necroses by steroids capable of inducing aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Life Sci 10:1261–1271, 1971
Lubet RA, Brown DQ, Kouri RE. The role of 3-OH benzo-(a)pyrene in mediating benzo(a)pyrene induced toxicity and transformation in cell culture. Res Commun Chem Path Pharm 6:929–952, 1973
Ames BN, Lee FE, Durston WE. An improved bacterial test system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70: 782–785, 1973
Umeda M, Saito M. Mutagenicity of demethylnitrosamine to mammalian cells as determined by the use of mouse liver microsomes. Mutat Res 30:249–254, 1975
Gelboin HV, Wiebel FW, Diamond L. Dimethylbenzanthracene tumorigenesis and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mouse skin: inhibition by 7,8-benzoflavone. Science 170:169–170, 1970
Kouri RE, Ratrie H, Whitmire CE. Evidence of a genetic relationship between susceptibility to 3-methylcholan-threne-induced subcutaneous tumors and inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. J Natl Cancer Inst 51: 197–200, 1973
Kouri RE, Ratrie H, Whitmire CE. Genetic control of susceptibility to 3-methylcholanthrene-induced subcutaneous sarcomas. Int J Cancer 13:714–720, 1974
Kouri RE, Nebert DW. Genetic regulation of susceptibility to polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced tumors in the mouse. In: Origins of Human Cancer (Hiatt HH, Watson JD, Winsten JA, eds.), Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1977, pp 811–835
Hutton JJ, Hackney C. Metabolism of cigarette smoke condensates by human and rat homogenates to form mutagens detectable by Salmonella typhimurium TA1538. Cancer Res 35:2461–2468, 1975
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kouri, R.E., Brandt, K.R., Sosnowski, R.G., Schechtman, L.M., Benedict, W.F. (1978). In Vitro Activation of Cigarette Smoke Condensate Materials to Their Mutagenic Forms. In: Waters, M.D., Nesnow, S., Huisingh, J.L., Sandhu, S.S., Claxton, L. (eds) Application of Short-Term Bioassays in the Fractionation and Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures. Environmental Science Research, vol 15. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3611-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3611-2_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3613-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3611-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive