Abstract
In addition to alteration of protein synthesis, another group of processes leads to reorganization of cytoskeleton, namely, modulations of the assembly and distribution of cytoskeletal elements. These reorganizations are usually reversible; the cell during its life can undergo numerous modulations of the cytoskeleton. Reorganization of the assembly can be combined with alteration of synthesis or occur independently.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature Cited
Bershadsky, A. D., Tint, I. S., Neyfakh, Jr., A. A., and Vasiliev, J. M. (1985) Focal contacts of normal and RSV-transformed quail cells, Exp. Cell Res. 158:433–444.
Dlugosz, A. A., Antin, P. B., Nachmias, V. T., and Holtzer, H. (1984) The relationship between stress fiber-like structures and nascent myofibrils in cultured cardiac myocytes, J. Cell Biol. 99:2268–2278.
Dunn, G. A. (1980) Mechanisms of fibroblast locomotion, in Cell Adhesion and Motility (A. S. C. Curtis and J. D. Pitts, eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 409–423.
Harris, A. (1982) Traction and its relations to contraction in tissue cell locomotion, in Cell Behavior (R. Bellairs, A. Curtis, and G. Dunn, eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 109–134.
Lewis, J. C. (1984) Cytoskeleton in platelet function, in Cell and Muscle Motility, Vol. 5, The Cytoskeleton (J. W. Shay, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 341–377.
Sanger, J. W., Mittal, B., and Sanger, J. M. (1984) Formation of myofibrils in spreading chick cardiac myocytes, Cell Motil. 4:405–416.
Stopak, D., and Harris, A. K. (1982) Connective tissue morphogenesis by fibroblast traction. 1. Tissue culture observations. Dev. Biol. 90:383–398.
Vasiliev, J. M. (1985) Spreading of non-transformed and transformed cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 780:21–65.
Vasiliev, J. M., and Gelfand, I. M. (1976) Effects of colcemid on morphogenetic processes and locomotion of fibroblasts, in Cell Motility (R. Goldman, T. Pollard, and J. Rosenbaum, eds.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 279–304.
Vasiliev, J. M., and Gelfand, I. M. (1981) Neoplastic and Normal Cells in Culture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Wang, Y-L. (1984) Reorganization of actin filament bundles in living fibroblasts, J.Cell Biol. 99:1478–1485.
Yumura, S., and Fukui, Y. (1985) Reversible cyclic AMP-dependent change in distribution of myosin thick filaments in Dictyostelium, Nature 314:194–196.
Additional Readings: General
Albrecht-Buehler, G. (1985) Is cytoplasm intelligent too? in Cell and Muscle Motility, Vol. 6 (J. W. Shay, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1–21.
Bellairs, D., Curtis, A., and Dunn, G., eds. (1982) Cell Behaviour. A Tribute to Michael Ahercrombie, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York.
Bereiter-Hahn, J. (1985) Architecture of tissue cells. The structural basis which determines shape and locomotion of cells. Acta Biotheoret. 34:139–148.
Bretscher, M. S. (1984) Endocytosis: Relation to capping and cell locomotion. Science 224:681–686.
Buckley, I. K. (1981) Fine-structural and related aspects of nonmuscle-cell motility, in Cell and Muscle Motility (R. M. Dowben and J. W. Shay, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 135–202.
Fleischer, M., and Wohlfarth-Bottermann, K. E. (1975) Correlation between tension, force generation, fibrillogenesis and ultrastructure of cytoplasmic actomyosin during isometric and isotonic contractions of protoplasmic strands, Cytobiologie 10:339–365.
Hay, E. D. (1983) Interaction of embryonic cell surface and cytoskeleton with extracellular matrix, Am. J. Anat. 165:1–12.
Lackie, J. M. (1986) Cell Movement and Cell Behaviour, Allen and Unwin, London.
Middleton, C. A., and Sharp, J. A. (1984) Cell Locomotion in Vitro, Groom Helm, London, Canberra.
Oster, G. F. (1984) On the crawling of cells, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 83(suppl):329–364.
Oster, G., Murray, J. D., and Harris, A. K. (1983) Mechanical aspects of mesenchymal morphogenesis, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 78:83–125.
Trinkaus, J. (1984) Cells into Organs: Forces That Shape the Embryo, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ.
Trinkaus, J. P. (1985) Protrusive activity of the cell surface and the initiation of cell movement during morphogenesis, Exp. Biol. Med. 10:130–173.
Vasiliev, J. M. (1982) Spreading and locomotion of tissue cells: Factors controlling the distribution of pseudopodia, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 299:159–167.
Abercrombie, M. (1980) The crawling movement of metazoan cells,Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (Biol.) 207:129–147.
Albrecht-Buehler, G. (1976) Filopodia of spreading 3T3 cells. Do they have a substrate exploring function? J. Cell Biol. 69:275–284.
Buckley, L K., and Porter, K. R. (1967) Cytoplasmic fibrils in living cultured cells: A light and electron microscope study, Protoplasma 64:349–380.
Chen, W-T. (1979) Induction of spreading during fibroblast movement, J. Cell Biol. 81:684–691.
Couchman, J. R., Badley, R. A., and Rees, D. A. (1983) Redistribution of microfilament-associated proteins during the formation of focal contacts and adhesions in chick fibroblasts, J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil 4:647–661.
Geiger, B., Avnur, Z., Kreis, T. E., and Schlessinger, J. (1984) The dynamics of cytoskeletal organization in areas of cell contact, in Cell and Muscle Motility, Vol. 5 (J. W. Shay, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 195–234.
Gotlieb, A. I., Heggeness, M. H., Ash, J. F., and Singer, S. J. (1979) Mechanochemical proteins, cell motility and cell-cell contacts: The localization of mechanochemical proteins inside cultured cells at the edge of an in vitro "wound," J. Cell Physiol. 100:563–578.
Gotlieb, A. I., May, L. M., Subrahmanyan, L., and Kalnins, V. I. (1981) Distribution of microtubule organizing centers in migrating sheets of endothelial cells, J. Cell Biol. 91:589–594.
Grinnell, F., and Geiger, B. (1986) Interaction of fibronectin-coated beads with attached and spread fibroblasts,Exp. Cell Res. 162:449–461.
Harris, A. K., Wild, P., and Stopak, D. (1980) Silicone rubber substrata: A new wrinkle in the study of cell locomotion.Science 208:177–179.
Harris, A. K., Stopak, D., and Wild, P. (1981) Fibroblast traction as a mechanism for collagen morphogenesis, Nature 290:249–251.
Heath, J. P. (1983) Behavior and structure of the leading lamella in moving fibroblasts. I. Occurrence and centripetal movement of arc-shaped microfilament bundles beneath the dorsal cell surface, J. Cell Sci. 60:331–354.
Heath, J. P., and Dunn, G. A. (1978) Cell to substratum contacts of chick fibroblasts and their relation to the microfilament system. A correlated interference-reflexion and high-voltage electron-microscopy study, J. Cell Sci. 29:197–212.
Herman, I. M., Grisona, N. J., and Pollard, T. D. (1981) Relation between cell activity and the distribution of cytoplasmic actin and myosin, J. Cell Biol. 90:84–91.
Hynes, R. O., Destree, A. T., and Wagner, D. D. (1982) Relationships between microfilaments, cell-substratum adhesion, and fibronectin, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 46:659–669.
Ingram, V. M. (1969) A side view of moving fibroblasts, Nature 222:641–644.
Isenberg, G., Rathke, P. C., Hülsmann, N., Franke, W. W., and Wohlfarth-Bottermann, K-E. (1976) Cytoplasmic actomyosin fibrils in tissue culture cells. Direct proof of contractility by visualization of ATP-induced contraction in fibrils isolated by laser micro-beam dissection. Cell Tiss. Res. 166:427–443.
Izzard, C. S., and Lochner, L. R. (1976) Cell-to-substrate contacts in living fibroblasts: An interference reflexion study with an evaluation of the technique, J. Cell Sci. 21:129–159.
Izzard, C. S., and Lochner, L. R. (1980) Formation of cell-to-substrate contacts during fibroblast motility: An interference-reflexion study,J. Cell Sci. 42:81–116.
Kreis, T. E., and Birchmeier, W. (1980) Stress fiber sarcomeres of fibroblasts are contractile. Cell 22:555–561.
Kupfer, A., Louvard, D., and Singer, S. J. (1982) The polarization of the Golgi apparatus and micro-tubule-organizing center in cultured fibroblasts at the edge of an experimental wound, Proe. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2603–2607.
Maher, P. A., Pasquale, E. B., Wang, J. V. J., and Singer, S. J. (1985) Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins are concentrated in focal adhesions and intercellular junctions in normal cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6576–6580.
McAbee, D. D., and Grinnell, F. (1983) Fibronectin-mediated binding and phagocytosis of polystyrene latex beads by baby hamster kidney cell, J. Cell Biol. 97:1515–1523.
Mittal, A. K., and Bereiter-Hahn, J. (1985) Ionic control of locomotion and shape of epithelial cells: I. Role of calcium influx,Cell Motil. 5:123–136.
Opas, M., and Kalnins, V. 1. (1985) Spatial distribution of cortical proteins in cells of epithelial sheets, Cell Tiss. Res. 239:451–454.
Owaribe, K., Kodama, R., and Egchi, G. (1981) Demonstration of contractility of circumferential actin bundles and its morphogenetic significance in pigmented epithelium in vitro and in vivo, J. Cell Biol 90:507–514.
Rees, D. A., Couchman, J. R., Smith, C. C., Woods, A., and Wilson, G. (1982) Cell-substratum interactions in the adhesion and locomotion of fibroblasts, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 299:169–176.
Sanger, J. W., Sanger, J. M., and Jockusch, B. M. (1983) Differences in the stress fibers between fibroblasts and epithelial cells, J. Cell Biol. 96:961–969.
Schlessinger, J., and Geiger, B. (1983) The dynamic interrelationships of actin and vinculin in cultured cells. Cell Motil. 3:399–403.
Small, J. V. (1981) Organization of actin in the leading edge of cultured cells: Influence of osmium tetroxide and dehydration on the ultrastructure of actin meshworks, J. Cell Biol. 91:695–705.
Small, J. v., and Rinnerthaler, G. (1985) Gytostructural dynamics of contact formation during fibroblast locomotion in vitro, Exp. Biol. Medi. 10:54–68.
Small, J. v., Isenberg, G., and Gelis, J. E. (1978) Polarity of actin at the leading edge of cultured cells. Nature 272:638–639.
Svitkina, T. M., Neyfakh, A. A., Jr., and Bershadsky, A. D. (1986) Actin cytoskeleton of spread fibroblasts appears to assemble at the cell edges, J. Cell Sci. 82:235–248.
Turksen, K., Opas, M., Aubin, J. E., and Kalnius, V. I. (1983) Microtubules, microfilaments and adhesion patterns in differentiating chick retinal pigmental epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro, Exp. Cell Res. 147:379–391.
Wehland, J., Osborn, M., and Weber, K. (1979) Cell-to-substratum contacts in living cells: A direct correlation between interference-reflexion and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against actin and α-actinin, J. Cell Sci. 37:257–273.
Ameboid cells
Amato, P. A., Unanue, E. R., and Taylor, L. (1983) Distribution of actin in spreading macrophages: A comparative study on living and fixed cells, J. Cell Biol. 96:750–761.
Fechheimer, M., and Zigmond, S. H. (1983) Changes in cytoskeletal proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by chemotactic peptides. Cell Motil. 3:349–361.
Howard, T. H., and Oresajo, C. O. (1985) The kinetics of chemotactic peptide-induced change in F-actin content, F-actin distribution and the shape of neutrophils, J. Cell Biol. 101:1078–1085.
Lehto, V. P., Hovi, T., Vartio, T., Badley, R. A., and Virtanen, I. (1982) Reorganization of cytoskeleton and contractile elements during transition of human monocytes into adherent macrophages, Lab. Invest. 47:391–399.
Nemere, I., Kupfer, A., and Singer, S. J. (1985) Reorientation of the Golgi apparatus and the micro-tubule-organizing center inside macrophages subjected to a chemotactic gradient, Cell Motil. 5:17–29.
Preston, T. M. (1985) A prominent microtubule cytoskeleton in acanthamoeba.Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 9:307–315.
Rubino, S., Fighetti, M., linger, E., and Cappuccinelli, P. (1984) Location of actin, myosin, and microtubular structures during directed locomotion of Dictyostelium amebae, J. Cell Biol. 98:382–390.
Taylor, D. L., and Condeelis, J. S. (1979) Cytoplasmic structure and contractility in amoeboid cells, Int. Rev. Cytol. 56:57–144.
Taylor, D. L., Blinks, J. R., and Reynolds, G. (1980) Contractile basis of ameboid movement. VIII. Aequorin luminescence during ameboid movement, endocytosis, and capping, J. Cell Biol. 86:599–607.
Valerius, N. H., Stendahl, O., Hartwig, J. H., and Stossel, T. P. (1981) Distribution of actin-binding protein and myosin in polymorphonuclear leukocytes during locomotion and phagocytosis, Cell 24:195–202.
Wallace, P. J., Wersto, R. P., Packman, C. H., and Lichtman, M. A. (1984) Chemotactic peptide-induced changes in neutrophilactin conformation, J. Cell Biol. 99:1060–1065.
Wehland, J., Weber, K., Gawlitta, W., and Stockem, W. (1979) Effects of the actin-binding protein DNAase I on cytoplasmic streaming and ultrastructure of Amoeba proteus. An attempt to explain amoeboid movement, Cell Tiss. Res. 199:353–372.
Yumura, S., Mori, H., and Fukui, Y. (1984) Localization of actin and myosin for the study of ameboid movement in Dictyostelium using improved immunofluorescence, J. Cell Biol. 99:894–899.
Axonal growth
Bray, D. (1979) Mechanical tension produced by nerve cells in tissue culture, J. Cell Sci. 37:391–410.
Bray, D., and Chapman, K. (1985) Analysis of microspike movements on the neuronal growth cone, J. Neurosci. 5:3204–3213.
Bray, D., and Gilbert, D. (1981) Cytoskeletal elements in neurons, Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 4:505–523.
Harrison, R. G. (1910) The outgrowth of the nerve fiber as a mode of protoplasmic movement, J. Exp. Zool. 9:787–846.
Katz, M. J., George, E. B., and Gilbert, L. J. (1984) Axonal elongation as a stochastic walk. Cell Motil 4:351–370.
Letourneau, P. C. (1981) Immunocytochemical evidence for co-localization in nerve growth cones of actin and myosin and their relationship to cell-substratum adhesions, Dev. Biol. 85:113–122.
Letourneau, P. C. (1983) Axonal growth and guidance. Trends Neur. Sci. (TINS] 6:451–455.
Marsh, L., and Letourneau, P. C. (1984) Growth of neurites without filopodial or lamellipodial activity in the presence of cytochalasin B., J. Cell Biol. 99:2041–2047.
Shaw, G., and Bray, D. (1977) Movement and extension of isolated growth cones, Exp. Cell Res. 104:55–62.
Solomon, F. (1981) Guiding growth cones, Cell 24:279–280.
Solomon, F., and Magendantz, M. (1981) Cytochalasin separates microtubule disassembly from loss of asymmetric morphology, J. Cell Biol 89:157–161.
Yamada, K. M., Spooner, B. S., and Wessells, N. K. (1971) Ultrastructure and function of growth cones and axons of cultured nerve cells, J. Cell Biol. 49:614–635.
Other systems
Allen, R. D., Zacharski, L. R., Widirstky, S. T., Rosenstein, R., Zaitlin, L. M., and Burgess, D. R. (1979) Transformation and motility of human platelets. Details of the shape change and release reaction observed by optical and electron microscopy, J. Cell Biol. 83:126–142.
Edds, K. T. (1984) Differential distribution and function of microtubules and microfilaments in sea urchin coelomocytes. Cell Motil. 4:269–281.
Fay, F. S., Fujiwara, K., Rees, D. D., and Fogarty, K. E. (1983) Distribution of a-actinin in single isolated smooth muscle cells, J. Cell Biol. 96:783–795.
Lehtonen, E., Lehto, V-P., Badley, R. A., and Virtanen, I. (1983) Formation of vinculin plaques precedes other cytoskeletal changes during retinoic acid-induced teratocarcinoma cell differentiation, Exp. Cell Res. 144:191–197.
Lewis, J. C., White, M. S., Prater, T., Porter, K. R., and Steele, R. J. (1983) Three-dimensional organization of the platelet cytoskeleton during adhesion in vitro: Observations on human and nonhuman primate cells. Cell Motil. 3:589–608.
Marchisio, P. C., Cirillo, D., Naldini, L., Primavera, M. V., Teti, A., and Zambonin-Zallone, A. (1984) Cell-substratum interaction of cultured avian osteoclasts is mediated by specific adhesion structures, J. Cell Biol 99:1696–1705.
Naib-Majani, W., Stockem, W., Wohlfarth-Bottermann, K-E., Osborn, M., and Weber, K. (1982) Immunocytochemistry of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum. 11. Spatial organization of cytoplasmic actin, J. Cell Biol. 28:103–114.
Small, J. V. (1985) Geometry of actin-membrane attachments in the smooth muscle cell: The localizations of vinculin and α-actinin, EMBO J. 4:45–49.
Tilney, L. G., and Inoue, S. (1985) Acrosomal reaction of the Thyone sperm. III. The relationship between actin assembly and water influx during the extension of the acrosomal process, J. Cell Biol. 100:1273–1283.
White, G. E., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., and Fujiwara K. (1983) Factors influencing the expression of stress fibers in vascular endothelial cells in situ, J. Cell Biol. 97:416–424.
Wong, A. J., Pollard, T. D., and Herman, I. M. (1983) Actin filament stress fibers in vascular endothelial cells in vivo, Science 219:867–869.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bershadsky, A.D., Vasiliev, J.M. (1988). Reorganization of Cytoskeleton. In: Cytoskeleton. Cellular Organelles. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5278-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5278-5_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5280-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5278-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive