Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease and Atherothrombotic Brain Infarction in the Elderly

  • Chapter
Contemporary Geriatric Medicine

Part of the book series: Contemporary Geriatric Medicine ((COGM,volume 3))

  • 72 Accesses

Abstract

Risk factors that predispose to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in young and middle-aged persons include cigarette smoking,1–13hypercholesterolemia,4,14–23 systolic and diastolic hypertension,24–32 diabetes mellitus,17,33–40 obesity,41,–42 and physical inactivity.9,43–46 Cigarette smoking, systolic and diastolic hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia are the three major risk factors contributing to the development of CAD in young and middle-aged persons. Systolic and diastolic hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the major risk factors predisposing to the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic brain infarction(ABI).31,47–51 The relationship of cigarette smoking,47–50,52 serum total cholesterol,47–49,53,54 and obesity47–51 to ABI is unclear. This chapter will discuss risk factors predisposing to the pathogenesis of CAD and of ABI in the elderly person.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hammond, E. C., 1964, Smoking in relation to mortality and morbidity. Findings in first thirty-four months of follow-up in prospective study started in 1959, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 32:1161–1188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Doyle, J. T., Dawber, T. R., Kannel, W. B., et al, 1964, The relationship of cigarette smoking to coronary heart disease: the second report of the combined experience of Albany, NY, and Framingham, Mass. studies, JAMA 190:886–890.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Doll, R. and Peto, R., 1976, Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years’ observations on male British doctors, Br. Med. J. 2:1525—1536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pooling Project Research Group, 1978, Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and EGG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: fmal report of the Pooling Project, J. Chronic Dis. 31:201–306.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Friedman, G. D., Dales, L. G., and Ury, H. K., 1979, Mortality in middle- aged smokers and nonsmokers, N. Engl. J. Med. 300:213—217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Doll, R., Gray, R., Hafner, B., and Peto, R., 1980, Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years’ observations on female British doctors, Br. Med. J. 1:967–971.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Jenkins, G. D., Rosenman, R. H., and Zyzanski, S. J., 1968, Gigarette smoking: its relationship to coronary heart disease and related risk factors in the Western collaborative group study. Circulation 38:1140–1155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Stamler, J., Berkson, D. M., Levinson, M., et al., 1966, Goronary heart disease. Status of preventive efforts. Arch. Environ. Health 13:322—335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Shapiro, S., Weinblatt, E., Frank, G. W., and Sager, R. V., 1969, Incidence of coronary heart disease in a population insured for medical care (HIP): myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and possible myocardial infarction. Am. J. Puhl. Health 59(Suppl): 1–101.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Stone, D., Shapiro, S., Rosenberg, L., et al, 1978, Relation of cigarette smoking to myocardial infarction in young women, N. Engl. J. Med. 298:1273–1276.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Spain, D. M. and Bradess, V. A., 1970, Sudden death from coronary heart disease. Survival time, frequency of thrombi, and cigarette smoking. Chest 58:107–110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Spain, D. M., Siegel, H., and Bradess, V. A., 1973, Women smokers and sudden death. The relationship of cigarette smoking to coronary disease, JAMA 224:1005–1007.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Doyle, J. T., Kannel, W. B., McNamara, P. M., et. al., 1976, Factors related to suddenness of death from coronary disease: Gombined Albany—Framingham studies. Am. J. Cardiol. 37:1073–1078.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Robertson, T. L., Kato, H., Gordon, T., et al., 1977, Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and Galifornia: coronary heart disease risk factors in Japan and Hawaii, Am. J. Cardiol 39:244–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Keys, A. (ed. ), 1970, Goronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 41(Suppl 1):1–211.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Waiden, R. T., Schaefer, L. A., Lemon, F. R., et al, 1964, Effect of environment on the serum cholesterol-triglyceride distribution among Seventh- day Adventists, Am. J. Med. 36:269–276.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Aronow, W. S., Uyeyama, R. R., and Cassidy, J., 1973, Serum lipids, serum uric acid and glucose tolerance in coronary heart disease, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 21:58–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gotto, A. M., Gorry, G. A., Thompson, J. R., et. al., 1977, Relationship between plasma lipid concentrations and coronary artery disease in 496 patients. Circulation 56:875—883.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kannel, W. B., Castelli, W. P., and Gordon, T., 1979, Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease: New perspectives based on the Fra- mingham Study, Ann. Intern. Med. 90:85–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Vlietstra, R. E., Frye, R. L., Kronmal, R. A., et al, 1980, Risk factors and angiographic coronary artery disease: A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS), Circulation 62:254–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hjermann, I., Velve-Byre, K., Holme, I., and Leren, P., 1981, Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease: report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomized trial in healthy men. Lancet 2:1303–1310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. 22. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results, 1984, I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease: Lipid Research Clinics Program, JAMA 251:351–364.

    Google Scholar 

  23. 23. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results, 1984, II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering, JAMA 251:365–374.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kannel, W. B., Dawber, T. R., and McGee, D. L., 1980, Perspectives on systolic hypertension. The Framingham Study, Circulation 61:1179—1182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kannel, W. B., Sorlie, P., and Gordon, T., 1980, Labile hypertension: A faulty concept? The Framingham Study, Circulation 61:1183–1187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Morton, P. A., 1959, Ordinary insurance: the build and blood pressure study. Trans. Soc. Actuar. 11:987–997.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rabkin, W. S., Mathewson, F. A. L., and Tate, R. B., 1978, Predicting risk of ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease from systolic and diastolic blood pressures, Ann. Intern. Med. 88:342—345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Shea, S., Cook, E. F., Kannel, W. B., and Goldman, L., 1985, Treatment of hypertension and its effect on cardiovascular risk factors: Data from the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation 71:22–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents, 1967, Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. 1. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg, JAMA 202:1028–1034.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents, 1970, Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. IL Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg, JAMA 213:1143–1152.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group, 1979, Five-year findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. 1. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension, JAMA 242:2562–2571.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Report by the Management Committee, 1980, The Australian therapeutic trial in mild hypertension, Lancet 1:1261–1267.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Aronow, W. S., Suryanarayana, B. V., and Kent, J. R., 1971, Myocardial infarction and carbohydrate metabolism relating to diabetes mellitus, California Med, 115:16–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Heinle, R. A., Levy, R. I., Fredrickson, D. S., and Gorlin, R., 1969, Lipid carbohydrate abnormalities in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 24:178—186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Falsetti, H. L., Schnatz, J. D., Greene, D. G., and Bunnell, I. L., 1970, Serum lipids and glucose tolerance in angiographically proved coronary artery disease. Chest 58:111–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bryfogle, J. W., and Bradley, R. F., 1957, The vascular complications of diabetes mellitus: A clinical study. Diabetes 6:159—167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ostrander, L. D., Jr., Frances, T., Jr., Hayner, N. S., et al, 1965, The relationship of cardiovascular disease to hyperglycemia, Ann. Intern. Med. 62:1188–1198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Garcia, M. J., McNamara, P. M., Gordon, T., and Kannel, W. B., 1976, Morbidity and mortality of diabetes in the Framingham population. 16 year follow-up. Diabetes 23:105–111.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kannel, W. B. and McGee, D. L., 1979, Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study, JAMA 241:2035–2038.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kannel, W. B., McNamara, P. M., Feinleib, M., and Dawber, T. R., 1970, The unrecognized myocardial infarction: 14 year follow-up experience in the Framingham study. Geriatrics 25:75—87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rabkin, S. W., Mathewson, F. A. L., and Hsu, P. H., 1977, Relation of body weight to development of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of young North American men after a 26-year observation period: The Manitoba study. Am. J. Cardiol. 39:452–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hubert, H. B., Feinleib, M., McNamara, P. M., and Gastelli, W. P., 1983, Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation 67:968–977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Paffenbarger, R. S., and Hale, W. E., 1975, Work activity and coronary heart mortality, N. Engl. J. Med. 292:545–550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kannel, W. B., and Sorlie, P., 1979, Some health benefits of physical activity: the Framingham study. Arch. Intern. Med. 139:857—861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., and Hsieh, G-G, 1984, A natural history of athleticism and cardiovascular health, JAMA 252:491–495.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Garcia-Palmieri, M. R., Gostas, R., Jr., Gruz-Vidal, M., et al, 1982, Increased physical activity: a protective factor against heart attacks in Puerto Rico, Am. J. Cardiol. 50:749–755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wolf, P. A. and Kannel, W. B., 1981, Gontrollable risk factors for stroke: Preventive implications of trends in stroke mortality, in: Diagnosis and Management of Stroke and TIA’s (J. S. Meyer, and T. Shaw, eds. ), Addison- Wesley, Reading, MA, pp. 25–61.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Takeya, Y., Popper, J. S., Shimizu, Y., et al., 1984, Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Incidence of stroke in Japan and Hawaii, Stroke 15:15–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dyken, M. L., Wolf, P. A., Barnett, H. J. M., et al, 1984, Risk factors in stroke. A statement for physicians by the Subcommittee on Risk Factors and Stroke of the Stroke Council, Stroke 15:1105—1111.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr. and Williams, J. L., 1967, Chronic disease in former college students. V. Early precursors of fatal stroke. Am. J. Public Health 57:1290–1299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Chapman, J. M., Reeder, L. G., Borun, E. R., et al, 1966, Epidemiology of vascular lesions affecting the central nervous system: the occurrence of strokes in a sample population under observation for cardiovascular disease, Am. J. Public Health 56:191–201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hammond, E. C., 1964, Smoking in relation to death rates of one million men and women, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 19:127—204.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dyer, A. R., Stamler, J., Paul, O., et al., 1981, Serum cholesterol and risk of death from cancer and other causes in three Chicago epidemiological studies, J. Chronic Dis. 34: 249–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mathew, N. T., Davis, D., Meyer, J. S., and Chander, K., 1975, Hyperlipoproteinemia in occlusive cerebrovascular disease, JAMA 232:262—266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Aberg, A., Bergstrand, R., Johansson, S., et al., 1983, Cessation of smoking after myocardial infarction. Effects on mortality after 10 years. Br. Heart J. 44:416–422.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hammond, E. C. and Garfmkel, L., 1969, Coronary heart disease, stroke, and aortic aneurysm. Factors in the etiology, Arch. Environ. Health 19:167—182.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Auerbach, O., Carter, H. W., Garfmkel, L., and Hammond, E. C., 1976, Cigarette smoking and coronary artery disease: a macroscopic and microscopic study, Chest 70:697–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Strong, J. P. and Richards, M. L., 1976, Cigarette smoking and atherosclerosis in autopsied men, Atherosclerosis 23:451–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. McMillan, G. C. and Aronow, W. S., 1976, Recommendations: subsection B: relation of smoke components to cardiovascular disease, in: Smoking and Health. I. Modifying the Risk for the Smoker. Proceedings Third World Conference on Smoking and Health (E. L. Wynder, D. Hoffman, and G. B. Gori, eds. ). Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 548—549.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kannel, W. B., 1981, Update on the role of cigarette smoking in coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J. 101:319–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Aronow, W. S., Kaplan, M. A., and Jacob, D., 1968, Tobacco: a precipitating factor in angina pectoris, Ann. Intern. Med. 69:529—536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Aronow, W. S. and Swanson, A. J., 1969, The effect of low-nicotine cigarettes on angina pectoris, Ann. Intern. Med. 71:599–601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Aronow, W. S. and Rokaw, S. N., 1971, Carboxyhemoglobin caused by smoking non-nicotine cigarettes: effects on angina pectoris. Circulation 44:782–788.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Aronow, W. S. and Cassidy, J., 1975, Effect of smoking marihuana versus a high-nicotine cigarette on angina pectoris, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 17:549—554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Aronow, W. S., 1980, Effect of non-nicotine cigarettes and carbon monoxide on angina. Circulation 61:262—265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Aronow, W. S., Dendinger, J., and Rokaw, S. N., 1971, Heart rate and carbon monoxide level after smoking high-, low-, and non-nicotine cigarettes: A study in male patients with angina pectoris, Ann. Intern. Med. 74:697–702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Aronow, W. S., Goldsmith, J. R., Kern, J. C., et al, 1974, Effect of smoking cigarettes on cardiovascular hemodynamics, Arch. Environ. Health 28:330–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Aronow, W. S., Cassidy, J., Vangrow, J. S., et al, 1974, Effect of cigarette smoking and breathing carbon monoxide on cardiovascular hemodynamics in anginal patients. Circulation 50:340–347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Aronow, W. S., Harris, C. N., Isbell, M. W., et al, 1972, Effect of freeway travel on angina pectoris, Ann. Intern. Med. 77:669—676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Aronow, W. S. and Isbell, M. W., 1973, Carbon monoxide effect on exercise-induced angina pectoris, Ann. Intern. Med. 79:392–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Aronow, W. S., 1981, Aggravation of angina pectoris by two percent car- boxyhemoglobin. Am. Heart J. 101:154—157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Levine, P. H., 1973, An acute effect of cigarette smoking on platelet function: A possible link between smoking and arterial thrombosis. Circulation 48:619–623.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bellet, S., Deguzman, N. T., Kostis, J. B., et al, 1972, The effect of inhalation of cigarette smoke on ventricular fibrillation threshold in normal dogs and in dogs with acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 83:67–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. DeBias, D. A., Banerjee, C. M., Birkhead, N. C., et al, 1973, Carbon monoxide inhalation effects following myocardial infarction in monkeys. Arch. Environ. Health 27:161–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Birnstingl, M. A., Brinson, K., and Chakrabarti, B. K., 1971, The effect of short-term exposure to carbon monoxide on platelet stickiness, Br. J. Surg. 58:837–839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. DeBias, D. A., Banerjee, C. M., Birkhead N. C., et al, 1976, Effects of carbon monoxide inhalation on ventricular fibrillation, Arch. Environ. Health 31:38–42.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Aronow, W. S., Stemmer, E. A., Wood, B., et al, 1978, Carbon monoxide and ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs with acute myocardial injury. Am. Heart J. 95:754–756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Castelli, W. P., Dawber, T. R., Feinleib, M., et al, 1981, The filter cigarette and coronary heart disease. The Framingham sudy. Lancet 2:109–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaufman, D. W., Helmrich, S. P., Rosenberg, L., et al, 1983, Nicotine and carbon monoxide content of cigarette smoke and the risk of myocardial infarction in young men, N. Engl J. Med. 308: 409–413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Jajich, C. L., Ostfeld, A. M., and Freeman, D. H., Jr., 1984, Smoking and coronary heart disease mortality in the elderly, JAMA 252:2831–2834.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kannel, W. B., and Brand, F. N., 1985, Cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly, in: Principles of Geriatric Medicine (R. Andres, E. L. Bierman, and W. R. Hazzard, eds. ), McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 104–119.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Aronow, W. S., Starling, L., Etienne, F., et al, 1986, Risk factors for coronary artery disease in persons older than 62 years in a long-term health care facility. Am. J. Cardiol 57:518–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Aronow, W. S., Etienne, F., D’Alba, P., and Ronquillo, J., 1988, Risk factors correlated with new coronary events in elderly persons, Clin. Res, 36:2A.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Grundy, S. M., 1984, Hyperlipoproteinemia: metabolic basis and rationale for therapy, Am. J. Cardiol. 54:20C-26C.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Castelli, W. P., Doyle, J. T., Gordon, T., et al, 1977, HDL cholesterol and other lipids in coronary heart disease: The Cooperative Lipoprotein Phe- notyping Study, Circulation 55:767–772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Miller, N. E., Thelle, D. S., F0rde, O. H., and Mj0s, O. D., 1977, The Troms0 heart-study. High density lipoprotein and coronary heart-disease: A prospective case-study, Lancet 1:965—967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kannel, W. B., 1983, High-density lipoproteins: epidemiologic profile and risks of coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 52:9B-12B.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Goldstein, J. L., Hazzard, W. R., Schrott, H. G., et al, 1973, Hyper- lipidemia in coronary heart disease: I. Lipid levels in 500 survivors of myocardial infarction, J. Clin. Invest. 52:1533—1543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Carlson, L. A., Böttiger, L. E., and Ähfeldt, P. E., 1979, Risk factors for myocardial infarction in the Stockholm prospective study: A 14-year fol- low-up focusing on the role of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, Acta Med. Scand. 206:351–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hulley, S. B., Rosenman, R. H., Bawol, R. D., and Brand, R. J., 1980, Epidemiology as a guide to clinical decisions: the association between triglyceride and coronary heart disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 302:1383–1389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Consensus Conference, 1984, Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, JAMA 251:1196–1200.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Dayton, S., Pearce, M. L., Hashimoto, S., et al., 1969, A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications of atherosclerosis, Circulation 40(Suppl II): 1–63.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Turpeinen, O., Karvonen, M. J., Pekkarinen, M., et al, 1979, Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: the Finnish Mental Hospital Study, Int. J. Epidemiol. 8:99–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group, 1983, Multiple risk factor intervention trial: Risk factor changes and mortality results, JAMA 248:1465–1477.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Kushi, L. H., Lew, R. A., Stare, F. J., et al, 1985, Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease: The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study, N. Engl. J. Med. 312:811–818.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. 95. The Coronary Drug Project Research Group, 1975, Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease, JAMA 231:360–381.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Canner, P. L., Berge, K. G., Wenger, N. K., et al., 1986, Fifteen year mortality in coronary drug project patients: long term benefit with niacin, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 8:1245–1255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Brensike, J. F., Levy, R. L., Kelsey, S. F., et al., 1984, Effects of therapy with cholestyramine on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI type II Coronary Intervention Study, Circulation 69:313–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Levy, R. L, Brensike, J. F., Epstein, S. E., et al, 1984, The influence of changes in lipid values induced by cholestyramine and diet on progression of coronary artery disease: results of the NHLBI type II Coronary Intervention Study, Circulation 69:325–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Arntzenius, A. C., Kromhout, D., Barth, J. D., et al, 1985, Diet, lipoproteins, and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis: the Leiden Intervention Trial, N. Engl]. Med. 312:805–811.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Consensus Conference, 1985, Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease, JAMA 253:2080–2086.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Dyer, A. R., Stamler, J., Shekelle, R. B., et al, 1977, Hypertension in the elderly, Med. Clin. North Am. 61:513–529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. 102. The Working Group on Hypertension in the Elderly, 1986, Statement on hypertension in the elderly, JAMA 256:70–74.

    Google Scholar 

  104. The 1984 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, 1984, Arch. Intern. Med. 144:1045–1057.

    Google Scholar 

  105. National Heart Foundation of Australia Study, 1981, Treatment of mild hypertension in the elderly: Report by the Management Committee, Med. J. Aust. 2:398–402.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Amery, A., Birkenhäger, W., Brixko, V., et al, 1985, Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Trial, Lancet 1:1349–1354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Aronow, W. S., July, 1985, Coronary risk factors, part 3: Hypertension, Fam. Pract. Recertification 7:53–74.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Drayer, J. I. M., Gardin, J. M., Weber, M. A., and Aronow, W. S., 1982, Changes in ventricular septal thickness during diuretic therapy, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 32:283–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Drayer, J. I. M., Gardin, J. M., Weber, M. A., and Aronow, W. S., 1982, Changes in cardiac anatomy and function during therapy with alpha-meth- yldopa: An echocardiographic study, Curr. Ther. Res. 32:856–865.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Drayer, J. I. M., Gardin, J. M., Weber, M. A., and Aronow, W. S., 1983, Cardiac muscle mass during vasodilation therapy of hypertension, Clin. Phar. Ther. 33:727–732.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Rowe, J. W., 1983, Systolic hypertension in the elderly, N. Engl. J. Med. 309:1246–1247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hulley, S. B., Furberg, C. D., Gurland, B., et al., 1985, Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP): Antihypertensive efficacy of chlorthalidone, Am. J. Cardiol. 56:913–920.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hamby, R. I., Zoneraich, S., and Sherman, L., 1974, Diabetic cardiomyopathy, JAMA 229:1749–1754.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kannel, W. B., Hjortland, M., and Castelli, W. P., 1974, Role of diabetes in congestive heart ifailure: The Framingham study. Am. J. Cardiol. 34:29–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Atherosclerosis Study Group, 1984, Optimal resources for primary prevention of atherosclerotic diseases. Circulation 70:157A—205A.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Aronow, W. S., 1985, Coronary risk factors, part 4: Diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, obesity, and physical inactivity, Fam. Pract. Recertification 7:69–89.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Chiang, B. N., Perlman, L. V., and Epstein, F. H., 1969, Overweight and hypertension. A review. Circulation 39:403—421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ashley, F. W., and Kannel, W. B., 1974, Relation of weight change to changes in atherogenic traits. The Framingham study., J. Chronic Dis. 27:103–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Montoye, H. J., Epstein, F. H., and Kjelsberg, M. O., 1966, Relationship between serum cholesterol and body fatness. An epidemiologic study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 18:397–406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Krotkiewski, M., Mandroukas, K., Sjostrom, L., et al., 1979, Effects of long- term physical training on body fat, metabolism, and blood pressure in obesity. Metabolism 28:650–658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Caggiula, A. W., Christakis, G., Farrand, M., et al, 1981, The multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT). IV. Intervention on blood lipids. Prev. Med. 10:443–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Huttunen, J. K., Länsimies, E., Voutilainen, E., et al., 1979, Effect of moderate physical exercise on serum lipoproteins. A controlled clinical trial with special references to serum high-density lipoproteins. Circulation 60:1220–1229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Richter, E. A., Ruderman, M. B., and Schneider, S. H., 1981. Diabetes and exercise. Am. J. Med. 70:201–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Williams, M. A., Maresh, C. M., Aronow, W. S., et al, 1984, The value of early out-patient cardiac exercise programs for the elderly in comparison with other selected age groups, Eur. Heart J. 5(Suppl E):113—115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Naughton, J., 1985, Role of physical activity as a secondary intervention for healed myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 55:21D-26D.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Gordon, T. G., Kannel, W. B., Hjortland, M. C., and McNamara, P. M., 1978, Menopause and coronary heart disease: The Framingham study, Ann. Intern. Med. 89:157–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Rogers, R. L., Meyer, J. S., Judd, B. W., and Mortel, K. F., 1985, Abstention from cigarette smoking improves cerebral perfusion among elderly chronic smokers, JAMA 253:2970–2974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Aronow, W. S., Starling, L., Etienne, F., et al, 1987, Risk factors for athe- rothrombotic brain infarction in persons over 62 years of age in a long- term health care facility, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 35:1—3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Aronow, W. S., Gutstein, H., Lee, N. H., and Edwards, M., 1988, Risk factors correlated with new atherothrombotic brain infraction in elderly persons, Clin. Res. 36:9A.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Shekelle, R. B., Ostfeld, A. M., and Klawans, H. L., Jr., 1974, Hypertension and risk of stroke in an elderly population. Stroke 5:71–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Medical Research Council Working Party, 1985, MRG trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results, Br. Med. J. 291:97–104.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hebrew Hospital for Chronic Sick, 10475, Bronx, New York, USA

    Wilbert S. Aronow

Authors
  1. Wilbert S. Aronow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Valhalla, New York, USA

    Steven R. Gambert M.D., F.A.C.P. (Professor of Medicine, Director, Director of Geriatrics) (Professor of Medicine, Director, Director of Geriatrics)

  2. Center for Aging and Adult Development, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA

    Steven R. Gambert M.D., F.A.C.P. (Professor of Medicine, Director, Director of Geriatrics) (Professor of Medicine, Director, Director of Geriatrics)

  3. Westchester County Medical Center and Chief of Medical Services, Ruth Taylor Geriatric and Rehabilitation Institute, Valhalla, New York, USA

    Steven R. Gambert M.D., F.A.C.P. (Professor of Medicine, Director, Director of Geriatrics) (Professor of Medicine, Director, Director of Geriatrics)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Aronow, W.S. (1988). Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease and Atherothrombotic Brain Infarction in the Elderly. In: Gambert, S.R. (eds) Contemporary Geriatric Medicine. Contemporary Geriatric Medicine, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5427-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5427-7_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5429-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5427-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation