Abstract
Fuel homeostasis is important to the regulation of central nervous system (CNS) function because cerebral pathways of metabolism of glucose, ketone bodies, and amino acids are dependent upon plasma substrate availability. Therefore, brain function and brain metabolism are under nutritional regulation and the interface between diet or fuel homeostasis and brain function is the limiting transport barrier between blood and brain, which is the brain capillary endothelial wall, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Figure 1).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M.E. Phelps, D.E. Kuhl, and J.C. Mazziotta, Metabolic mapping of the brain’s response to visual stimulation: Studies in humans, Science 211: 1445 (1981).
L. Sokoloff, Localization of functional activity in the central nervous system by measurement of glucose utilization with radioactive deoxyglucose, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1:7(19811.
W.M. Pardridge, Brain metabolism: A perspective from the blood-brain barrier, Physiol.Rgv, 63:1481 (1983).
W.M. Pardridge, Blood-brain barrier transport of nutrients, Nutr. Rev. 44: 15 (1986).
N.B. Ruderman, P.S. Ross, M. Berger, and M.N. Goodman, Regulation of glucose and ketone-body metabolism in brain of anaesthetized rats, Biochem. J. 138: 1 (1974).
R.A. Hawkins, A.M. Mans, and D.W. Davis, Regional ketone body utilization by rat brain in starvation and diabetes, Am. J. Physiol. 250:E169 (1986).
W.M. Pardridge, P.D. Crane, L.J. Mietus, and W.H. Oldendorf, Kinetics of regional blood-brain barrier transport and brain phosphorylation of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose in the barbiturate-anesthetized rat, J. Neurochem. 38:560 (1982).
J.B.G. Ghajar, F. Plum, and T.E. Duffy, Cerebral oxidative metabolism and blood flow during acute hypoglycemia and recovery in unanesthetized rats, J. Neurochem. 38:397 (1982).
W.M. Pardridge and W.H. Oldendorf, Transport of metabolic substrates through the blood-brain barrier, J. Neurochem. 28:5 (1977).
W.M. Pardridge, Recent advances in blood-brain barrier transport, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.Tpjcicol. 28:25 (1988).
G.I. Bell, T. Kayano, J.B. Buse, C.F. Burant, J. Takeda, D. Lin, H. Fukumoto, and S. Seino, Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters, Diabetes Care 13:198 (1990).
M.A. Kasanicki and P.F. Pilch, Regulation of glucose-transporter function, Diabetes Care13:219 (1990).
B. Thorens, M.J. Charron, and H.F. Lodish, Molecular physiology of glucose transporters, Diabetes Care 13:209 (1990).
A.G. de Herreros and M.J. Birnbaum, The acquisition of increased insulin-responsive hexose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes correlates with expression of a novel transporter gene, J. Biol. Chem. 264: 19994 (1989).
J.J. Birnbaum, H.C. Haspel, and O.M. Rosen, Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the rat brain glucose-transporter protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA83:5784(1986).
J.S. Flier, M. Mueckler, A. L. McCall, and H.F. Lodish, Distribution of glucose transporter messenger RNA transcripts in tissues of rat and man, J. Clin. Invest. 79:657 (1987).
R.J. Boado and W.M. Pardridge, The brain-type glucose transporter mRNA is specifically expressed at the blood-brain barrier, Biochem. Biophvs. Res. Comm. 166: 174 (1990).
Pardridge, W.M., Boado, R.J., and Farrell, C.R., Brain-type glucose transporter is selectively localized to the blood-brain barrier. Studies with quantitative Western blotting and in situ hybridization. J. Biol. Chem.. in press.
R. A. DeFronzo, R. Hendler, and N. Christensen, Stimulation of counterregulatory hormonal responses in diabetic man by a fall in glucose concentration, Diabetes289:125 (1980).
P.J. Boyle, N.S. Schwartz, S.D. Shah, W.E. Clutter, and P.E. Cryer, Plasma glucose concentrations at the onset of hypoglycemic symptoms in patients with poorly controlled diabetes and in nondiabetes, N. Engl. J. Med. 218. 1487 (1988).
A. Gjedde and C. Crone, Blood-brain glucose transfer: Repression in chronic hyperglycemia, Science 214:456 (1981).
A.L. McCall, W.R. Millington, and R.J. Wurtman, Metabolic fuel and amino acid transport into the brain in experimental diabetes mellitus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA79:5406(1982).
S.I. Harik and J.C. LaManna, Vascular perfusion and blood-brain glucose transport in acute and chronic hyperglycemia, J. Neurochem. 51:1924 (1988).
R.B. Duckrow, Glucose transfer into rat brain during acute and chronic hyperglycemia, Metabol. Brain Dis. 3:201 (1988).
W.M. Pardridge, D. Triguero, and C.R. Farrell, Down-regulation of blood-brain barrier glucose transporter in experimental diabetes, Diabetes, in press (1990).
R.B. Duckrow, D.C. Beard, and R.W. Brennan, Regional cerebral blood flow decreases during chronic and acute hyperglycemia, Stroke 18:52 (1987).
J. E. Cremer, D.E. Ray, G.S. Sarna, and V.J. Cunningham, A study of the kinetic behaviour of glucose based on simultaneous estimates of influx and phosphorylation in brain regions of rats in different physiological states, Brain Res. 221:331 (1981).
R.A. Hawkins, A.W. Mans, D.W. Davis, L.S. Hibbard, and D.M. Lu, Glucose availability to individual cerebral structures is correlated to glucose metabolism, J. Neurochem.40:1013(1983).
R.B. Duckrow and R.M. Bryan, Jr., Regional cerebral glucose utilization during hyperglycemia, J. Neurochem. 48:989 (1987).
H.J.L. Frank, W.M. Pardridge, T. Jankovic-Vokes, H.V. Vinters, and W.L. Morris, Insulin binding to the blood-brain barrier in the streptozotocin diabetic rat, J. Neurochem.47:405(1986).
T.B. Choi, R.J. Boado, and W.M. Pardridge, Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter mRNA is increased in experimental diabetes mellitus, Biochem. Biophvs. Res.Comm. 164:375 (1989).
G.F. Cahill, Jr., M.G. Herrera, A.P. Morgan, J. Soeldner, J. Steinke, P.L. Levy, G.A. Richard, Jr., and D.M. Kipnis, Hormone-fuel interrelationships during fasting, J. Clin. Invest. 45:1751 (1966).
E.J. Fritschka, L. Ferguson, and J.J. Spitzer, Increased free fatty acid turnover in CSF during hypotension in dogs, Am. J. Physiol. 236:H802 (1979).
J.C. Miller, J.M. Gnaedinger, and S.I. Rapoport, Utilization of plasma fatty acid in rat brain: Distribution of [14C]palmitate between oxidative and synthetic pathways, JL Neurochem. 49:1507(1987).
R. Spector, Fatty acid transport through the blood-brain barrier, J. Neurochem. 50:639 (1988).
W.M. Pardridge and L.J. Mietus, Palmitate and cholesterol transport through the rat blood-brain barrier, J. Neurochem. 34:463 (1980).
W.H. Oldendorf, Carrier-mediated blood-brain barrier transport of short-chain monocarboxylic organic acids, Am. J. Physiol. 224: 1450 (1973).
A.R. Conn, D.I. Fell, and R.D. Steele, Characterization of a-keto acid transport across blood-brain barrier in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 245:E253 (1983).
D.C. De Vivo, The effects of ketone bodies on glucose utilization, in: “Cerebral Metabolism and Neural Function,” R.A. Hawkins, W.D. Lust, and F.A. Welsh, eds., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1980).
R.G. Kammula, Metabolism of ketone bodies by ovine brain in vivo, Am. J. Physiol.231:1490 (1976).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pardridge, W.M. (1991). Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Glucose, Free Fatty Acids, and Ketone Bodies. In: Vranic, M., Efendic, S., Hollenberg, C.H. (eds) Fuel Homeostasis and the Nervous System. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 291. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5931-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5931-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5933-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5931-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive