Skip to main content

Autism: Social Communication Difficulties and Related Behaviors

  • Chapter
Advanced Abnormal Psychology

Abstract

There has been considerable progress and development in the diagnosis and treatment of autism over the past several decades. This chapter provides an account of the major findings that have led to our increased understanding of the behavioral manifestations of autism and the development of intervention techniques. Evidence on the etiology and treatment will be reviewed within a framework that explores the possibility that neurological or physiological processes may result in an inappropriate level of social interaction, which in turn leads to disorders in communication and other maladaptive and disruptive behaviors that characterize autism. Understanding this atypical developmental track leads directly to the understanding, treatment, and prevention of many of the severe aspects of autism that are so stigmatizing and disabling to children, adolescents, and adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adrien, J. L., Faure, M., Perrot, A., Hameury, L., Garreau, B., Barthelemy, C., & Sauvage, D. (1991). Autism and family home movies: Preliminary findings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 43–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1993). DSM-IV draft criteria. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J., & Won, K. (1990). The influence of participation in regular versus “special” education settings on students with challenging behaviors. Unpublished master’s thesis. California State University, Hayward.

    Google Scholar 

  • Applebaum, E., Egel, A. L., Koegel, R. L., & Imhoff, B. (1979). Measuring musical abilities of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3, 279–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, G., & Schwartz, S. (1983). Hemispheric lateralization of language in autistic and aphasic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 129–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • August, G. J., & Lockhart, L. H. (1984). Familial autism and the fragile-X chromosome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 197–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartak, L., Rutter, M., & Cox, A. (1975). A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder: I. The children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 127–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, M. L., & Kemper, T. L. (1985). Histo-anatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology, 35, 866–874.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bednersh, F., & Peck, C. A. (1986). Assessing social environments: Effects of peer characteristics on the social behavior of children with severe handicaps. Child Study Journal, 16, 315–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B. (1967). The empty fortress. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Freidman, E., DeVito, E., Greenspan, L., & Collins, P. J. (1974). Blood serotonin in psychotic and brain damaged children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 4, 33–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P., Baker, B. L., & Rutter, M. (1978). Family factors. In M. Rutter & E. Schopler (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment, 269–296. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E.G. (1977). The motivation of self-injurious behavior: A review of some hypotheses. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 800–816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E. G. (1979). Teaching autistic children to use sign-language: Some research issues. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 4, 345–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E. G. (1982). Sign Language. In R. L. Koegel, A. Rincover, & A. L. Egel (Eds.), Educating and understanding autistic children (pp. 142–158). San Diego: College-Hill Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E. G., & Durand, V. M. (1985). Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 111–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E. G., Binkoff, J. A., Kologinsky, E., & Eddy, M. (1978). Acquisition of sign language by autistic children. I: Expressive labelling. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 489–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E. G., Schreibman, L., & Lovaas, O. I. (1975). Control of echolalic speech in psychotic children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, 331–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chess, S. (1971). Autism in children with congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 33–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chess, S. (1977). Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 7, 69–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Courchesne, E. (1987). A neurophysiological view of autism. In E. Schopler and G. Mesibov (Eds.), Neurobiological issues in autism. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courchesne, E., Hesselink, J. R., Jernigan, T. L., & Yeung-Courchesne, R. (1987). Abnormal neuroanatomy in a non-retarded person with autism: Unusual findings using magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of Neurology, 44, 335–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Courchesne, E., Lincoln, A. J., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Elmasian, R., & Grillon, C. (1987). Pathophysiologic findings in nonretarded autism and receptive developmental language disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, D. (1987). Towards a bucket theory of language disability: Taking account of interaction between linguistic levels. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 1, 7–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curcio, F., & Paccia, J. (1987). Conversations with autistic children: Contingent relationships between features of adult input and children’s response adequacy. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 81–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A., & Maurer, R. (1978). A neurological model for childhood autism. Archives of Neurology, 35, 777–786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dattilo, J., & Camarata, S. (1991). Facilitating conversation through self-initiated augmentative communication treatment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 369–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Finley, C., Phillips, S., & Galpert, L. (1986). Hemispheric specialization and the language abilities of autistic children. Child Development, 57, 1440–1453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Finley, C., Phillips, S., Galpert, L., & Lewy, A. (1988). Reduced P3 amplitude of the event-related brain potential: Its relationship to language ability in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 493 – 504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Finley, C., Phillips, S., & Lewy, A. (1989). A comparison of hemispheric asymmetries in speech-related brain potentials of autistic and dysphasic children. Brain and Language, 37, 26–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Warrenburg, S., & Fuller, P. (1982). Cerebral lateralization in individuals diagnosed as autistic in early childhood. Brain and Cognition, 2, 346–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMeyer, M. K. (1979). Parents and children in autism. Toronto: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMeyer, M. K., Barton, S., DeMeyer, W. E., Norton, J. A., Allen, J., & Steele, R. (1973). Prognosis in autism: A follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 3, 199–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1983). Behavioral antecedents of peer social status. Child Development, 54, 1386–1399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, G., Dunlap, L. K., Clarke, S., & Robbins, F. R. (1991). Functional assessment, curricular revision, and severe behavior problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 387–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, G., Koegel, R. L., & Egel, A. L. (1979). Autistic children in school. Exceptional Children, 45, 552–558.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, G., Robbins, F. R., Dollman, C., & Plienis, A. J. (1988). Early intervention for young children with autism: A regional training approach. West Virginia, Marshall University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egel, A. L., Koegel, R. L., & Schreibman, L. (1980). Review of educational-treatment procedures for autistic children. In L. Mann & D. Sabatino (Eds.), Fourth review of special education (pp. 109–150). New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., & Kanner, L. (1956). Early infantile autism: 1943–1955. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 26, 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, D., Skoff, B., & Mirsky A. F. (1981). Clinical correlates of brainstem dysfunction in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 303–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frea, W. D. (1990). Assessing pragmatic deficits in autistic children. Unpublished master’s thesis. University of California, Santa Barbara.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C., & Gillberg, I. C. (1983). Infantile autism: A total population study of reduced optimality in the pre, peri-, and neonatal period. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 153–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C., Rosenhall, U., & Johansson, E. (1983). Auditory brainstem responses in childhood psychosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 181–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grillon, C., Courchesne, E., & Akshoomoff, N. (1989). Brainstem and middle latency auditory evoked potentials in autism and developmental language disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 255–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haring, T. G. (1993). Research basis of instructional procedures to promote social interaction and integration. In S. F. Warren (Ed.), Advances in mental retardation and developmental disabilities, Volume 5: Research basis of instruction (pp. 129–164). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haring, T. G., & Breen, C.G. (1992). A peer mediated social network intervention to enhance the social integration of persons with moderate and severe disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 2, 319–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haring, T. G., & Lovinger, L. (1989). Promoting social interaction through teaching generalized play initiation responses to preschool children with autism. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 14, 58–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetzler, B., & Griffin, J. (1981). Infantile autism and the temporal lobe of the brain. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 317–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hier, D., LeMay, M., & Rosenberber, P. (1979).Autism and unfavorable left-right asymmetries of the brain. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 153–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, E. D. F., Tsang, A. K. T., & Ho, D. Y. F. (1992). An investigation of the calendar calculation ability of a Chinese calendar savant. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 315–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, C. H., Horner, R. H., & Newton, J. S. (1989). Social contacts of adults with severe disabilities living in the community: A descriptive analysis of relationship patterns. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 14, 190–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kern, L., Koegel, R. L., & Dunlap, G. (1984). The influence of vigorous vs. mild exercise on autistic stereotyped responding. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 57–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kern, L., Koegel, R. L., Dyer, K., Blew, P. A., & Fenton, L. R. (1982). The effects of physical exercise on self-stimulation and appropriate responding in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 4, 399–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., Hurley, C., & Frea, W. D. (1992). Improving pragmatic skills and disruptive behavior in children with autism through self-management. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 2, 341–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Camarata, S., & Koegel, L. K. (in press). Aggression and noncompliance: Behavior modification through naturalistic language remediation. In J. L. Matson (Ed.), Autism in children and adults: Etiology, assessment and intervention. Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., & Frea, W. D. (in press). Treatment of social behavior in autism through the modification of pivotal social skills, Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Dyer, K., & Bell, L. K. (1987). The influence of child-preferred activities on autistic children’s social behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 243–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Firestone, P. B., Kramme, K. W., & Dunlap, G. (1974). Increasing spontaneous play in autistic children by suppressing self-stimulation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7, 521–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Frea, W. D., & Surratt, A. V. (in press). Self-management as a strategy for modifying problem behavior. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (Eds.), Behavioral issues in children with autism. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Koegel, L. K., & Surratt, A. V. (1992). Language intervention and disruptive behavior in preschool children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 2, 141–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., O’Dell, M. C., & Koegel, L. K. (1987). A natural language paradigm for teaching nonverbal autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 187–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Schriebman, L., Good, A., Cerniglia, L., Murphy, C., & Koegel, L. K. (1989). How to teach pivotal behaviors to children with autism: A training manual. University of California: Santa Barbara.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Schreibman, L., Loos, L. M., Dirlich-Wilhelm, H., Dunlap, G., Robbins, F. R., & Plienis, A. (1992). Consistent stress profiles in mothers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 2, 205–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Schreibman, L., Britten, K., & Laitinen, R. (1979). The effect of reinforcement schedule on stimulus overselectivity in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 383–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. I., Schreibman, L., O’Neill, R. E., & Burke, J. C. (1983). Personality and family interaction characteristics of parents of autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 16, 683–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lancoini, G. E. (1983). Using pictorial representations as communication means with low-functioning children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 87–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laski, K. E., Charlop, M. H., & Schreibman, L. (1988). Training parents to use the natural language paradigm to increase their autistic children’s speech. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 391–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovaas, O. I., Varni, J., Koegel, R. L., & Lorsch, N. (1977). Some observations on the non-extinguishability of children’s speech. Child Development, 48, 1121–1127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, G. (1988). Communication patterns—mothers and mentally retarded infants. First language, 8, 157–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odom, S. L., Chandler, L. K., Ostrosky, M., McConnell, S. R., & Reaney, S. (1992). Fading teacher prompts from peer-initiation interventions for young children with disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 2, 307–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odom, S. L., Hoyson, M., Jamieson, B., & Strain, P. S. (1985). Increasing handicapped preschoolers’ peer social interactions: Cross-setting and component analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 3–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olley, J. G. (1986). The TEACCH curriculum for teaching social behavior to children with autism. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Social behavior and autism (pp. 351–373). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, R. E., Horner, R. H., Albin, R. W., Storey, K., & Sprague, J. R. (1990). Functional analysis: A practical assessment guide. Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M. (1985). Neurophysiology of infantile autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 251–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M., Brown, M. B., Mason, A., & Putnam, N. H. (1974). Effect of visual input on vestibular nystagmus in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 369–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitfield, M., & Oppenheim, A. N. (1964). Child-rearing attitudes of mothers of psychotic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 5, 51–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prior, M., & Bradshaw, J. L. (1979). Hemispheric functioning in autistic children. Cortex, 15, 73–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prizant, B. M. (1983). Echolalia in autism: Assessment and intervention. Seminars in Speech and Language, 4, 63–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prizant, B. M., & Rydell, P. J. (1984). Analysis of functions of delayed echolalia in autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 183–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichle, J., Mirenda, P., Locke, P., Piche, L., & Johnston, S. (1992). Beginning augmentative communication systems. In S. F. Warren & J. Reichle (Eds.), Causes and effects in communication and language intervention (pp. 131–156). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., & Freeman, B. J. (1978). National society for autistic children definition of the syndrome of autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 162–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J., Scheibel, A. B., Duong, T., Robinson, H., Guthrie, D., & Ritvo, A. M. (1986). Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebella of four autistic subjects: Initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC autopsy research report. American journal of Psychiatry, 143, 862–866.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Ornitz, E. M., Eviatar, A., Markham, C. H., Brown, M. B., & Mason, A. (1989). Decreased postrotatory nystagmus in early infantile autism. Neurology, 19, 653–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Ritvo, E. C., & Brothers, A. M. (1982). Genetic and immunohematologic factors in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 109–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J., Yuwiler, A., Geller, E., Yokota, A., Schroth, E, & Novak, P. (1984). Study of fenfluramine in outpatients with the syndrome of autism. Journal of Pediatrics, 105, 823–828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1978). On confusion in the diagnosis of autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 137–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E. (1978). On confusion in the diagnosis of autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 137–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreibman, L., & Charlop, M. H. (1987). Autism. In V B. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), Psychological evaluation of the developmentally and physically disabled (pp. 155–177). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreibman, L., & Koegel, R. L. (1975). A christmas tree for Kristin. Psychology Today, 8 (March), 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schriebman, L., Kaneko, W., & Koegel, R. L. (1991). Positive affect of parents of autistic children: A comparison across two teaching techniques. Behavior Therapy, 22, 479–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schriebman, L., Koegel, R. L., Mills, J. I., & Burke, J. C. (1981). Social validation of behavior therapy with autistic children. Behavior Therapy, 12, 610–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strain, P. S. (1983). Generalization of autistic children’s social behavior change: Effects of developmentally integrated and segregated settings. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 3, 23–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strain, P. S., Shores, R. E., & Timm, M. A. (1977). Effects of peer social initiations on the behavior of withdrawn preschool children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 289–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. C. (1978). The hostage parent. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 233–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tager-Flusberg, H. (1990). Psycholinguistic approaches to language and communication in autism. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Communication problems in autism (pp. 69–87). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, L. Y., & Stewart, M. A. (1983). Etiological implication of maternal age and birth order in infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 57–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. J. (1987). Procedural rights in the wrong system: Special education is not enough. In A. Gartner & T. Joe (Eds.), Images of the disabled, disabling images, (pp. 97–115). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetherby, A. M., & Prutting, C. A. (1984). Profiles of communicative and cognitive-social abilities in autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 364–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherby, A., Koegel, R. L., & Mendel, M. (1981). Central auditory nervous system dysfunction in echolalic autistic individuals. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, 420–429.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, L. (1966). Early childhood autism. Clinical, educational and social aspects. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, L. (1976). Early childhood autism: Clinical, educational and social aspects (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Koegel, L.K., Valdez-Menchaca, M.C., Koegel, R.L. (1994). Autism: Social Communication Difficulties and Related Behaviors. In: Van Hasselt, V.B., Hersen, M. (eds) Advanced Abnormal Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0345-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0345-0_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0347-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0345-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics