Abstract
In 1934 Wigner predicted(1) that the conduction electrons in a metal would undergo a transition from a liquid state to form a crystal when their density was sufficiently reduced. The crystal melts at a critical density for which the Coulomb energy of the configuration and its kinetic energy are comparable. At zero temperature the melting transition is quantal in nature and proceeds via zero-point fluctuations which grow as the density is increased. Another route for the melting is classical in nature and is induced by thermal fluctuations which increase when the temperature is raised.
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Andrei, E.Y., Williams, F.J.B., Glattli, D.C., Deville, G. (1993). Experiments on Two-Dimensional Wigner Crystals. In: Butcher, P., March, N.H., Tosi, M.P. (eds) Physics of Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures. Physics of Solids and Liquids. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2415-5_14
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