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Exercise, Nutrition, and Bone Health

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Nutrition and Bone Health

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Optimal bone metabolism is the result of hormonal, nutritional, and mechanical harmony, and a deficit in one area is usually impossible to overcome by improvements in others. Exercise during growth influences bone modeling locally at the regions being loaded, whereas calcium is thought to act systemically to influence bone remodeling. Despite acting through different mechanisms, a growing body of research suggests that exercise and calcium may not operate independently. Low dietary calcium intake or reduced bioavailability may minimize the adaptive response to exercise-induced bone loading. Conversely, adequate levels of calcium intake can maximize the positive effect of physical activity on bone health during the growth period of children and adolescents. Research also suggests that adequate levels of calcium intake can maximize bone density at the regions being loaded during exercise. Achieving optimal bone health and minimizing one’s risk of osteoporotic fracture later in life depend on a lifelong approach. This approach relies on the establishment of an optimum level of bone during the growth years, with a subsequent goal to maintain and slow the rate of age-related bone loss thereafter. Exercise, adequate nutrition, and optimal hormone levels are the components that influence the bone outcome. Making healthy nutritional choices, engaging in weight-bearing physical activity, and ensuring optimal hormone levels during growth provides a window of opportunity to build optimal bone mass, to reduce the risk of fracture later in life. Concurrent management of fracture risk with a physical activity prescription, adequate nutrition, and pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis when required offers the best approach to optimal bone health throughout adulthood.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Head of Exercise & Sports Science, Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Kelvin Grove Campus, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia

    Fiona L. Morris-Naumann

  2. Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    John D. Wark

  3. Head, Bone and Mineral Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    John D. Wark

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  1. Fiona L. Morris-Naumann
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  2. John D. Wark
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Correspondence to Fiona L. Morris-Naumann .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Physiology, and Biophysics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Michael F. Holick

  2. Helen Hayes Hospital and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

    Jeri W. Nieves

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Morris-Naumann, F.L., Wark, J.D. (2015). Exercise, Nutrition, and Bone Health. In: Holick, M., Nieves, J. (eds) Nutrition and Bone Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2001-3_32

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