Skip to main content

Epidemiology, Incidence, and Prevalence of EoE in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Part of the book series: Clinical Gastroenterology ((CG))

  • 932 Accesses

Abstract

Few pediatric diseases have produced similar volumes of clinical and basic research data in as short a time as eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Once believed to be a rare disorder that possibly represented recalcitrant gastroesophageal reflux disease, EoE is now known to be a unique entity with a specific transcriptional signature, epidemiologic descriptors, histologic features, and treatments. This chapter delineates the epidemiology of pediatric EoE, including demographic descriptors and measures of frequency.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lowichik A, Weinberg AG. A quantitative evaluation of mucosal eosinophils in the pediatric gastrointestinal tract. Mod Pathol. 1996;9(2):110–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. DeBrosse CW, Case JW, Putnam PE, Collins MH, Rothenberg ME. Quantity and distribution of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract of children. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2006;9(3):210–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Winter HS, Madara JL, Stafford RJ, Grand RJ, Quinlan JE, Goldman H. Intraepithelial eosinophils: a new diagnostic criterion for reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 1982;83(4):818–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Attwood SE, Smyrk TC, Demeester TR, Jones JB. Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38(1):109–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kelly KJ, Lazenby AJ, Rowe PC, Yardley JH, Perman JA, Sampson HA. Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid-based formula. Gastroenterology. 1995;109(5):1503–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ruchelli E, Wenner W, Voytek T, Brown K, Liacouras C. Severity of esophageal eosinophilia predicts response to conventional gastroesophageal reflux therapy. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1999;2(1):15–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Steiner SJ, Gupta SK, Croffie JM, Fitzgerald JF. Correlation between number of eosinophils and reflux index on same day esophageal biopsy and 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(5):801–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Blanchard C, Wang N, Stringer KF, et al. Eotaxin-3 and a uniquely conserved gene-expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(2):536–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Protheroe C, Woodruff SA, de Petris G, et al. A novel histologic scoring system to evaluate mucosal biopsies from patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(7):749–55,e711.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(4):1342–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(9): 940–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Prasad GA, Alexander JA, Schleck CD, et al. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(10):1055–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cherian S, Smith NM, Forbes DA. Rapidly increasing prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in Western Australia. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(12):1000–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gill R, Durst P, Rewalt M, Elitsur Y. Eosinophilic esophagitis disease in children from West Virginia: a review of the last decade (1995–2004). Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(10):2281–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Assa’ad AH, Putnam PE, Collins MH, et al. Pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: an 8-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(3):731–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Spergel JM, Brown-Whitehorn TF, Beausoleil JL, et al. 14 years of eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical features and prognosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(1):30–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Guajardo JR, Plotnick LM, Fende JM, Collins MH, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders: a world-wide-web based registry. J Pediatr. 2002;141(4):576–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Book WM. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders: disease prevalence in the United States. National Harbor, MD: NASPGHAN; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kapel RC, Miller JK, Torres C, Aksoy S, Lash R, Katzka DA. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a prevalent disease in the United States that affects all age groups. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(5):1316–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cury EK, Schraibman V, Faintuch S. Eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus: gastroesophageal reflux versus eosinophilic esophagitis in children – discussion on daily practice. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(2):e4–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Collins MH, et al. Clinical and immunopathologic effects of swallowed fluticasone for eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(7):568–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Pentiuk S, Putnam PE, Collins MH, Rothenberg ME. Dissociation between symptoms and histological severity in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(2):152–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gupta SK, Fitzgerald JF, Chong SK, Croffie JM, Collins MH. Vertical lines in distal esophageal mucosa (VLEM): a true endoscopic manifestation of esophagitis in children? Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45(6):485–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Orenstein SR, Shalaby TM, Di Lorenzo C, et al. The spectrum of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis beyond infancy: a clinical series of 30 children. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(6): 1422–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Teitelbaum JE, Fox VL, Twarog FJ, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: immunopathological analysis and response to fluticasone propionate. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(5):1216–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Spergel JM, Beausoleil JL, Mascarenhas M, Liacouras CA. The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(2):363–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Khan S, Orenstein SR, Di Lorenzo C, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: strictures, impactions, dysphagia. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(1):22–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Pentiuk SP, Miller CK, Kaul A. Eosinophilic esophagitis in infants and toddlers. Dysphagia. 2007;22(1):44–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Smith LP, Chewaproug L, Spergel JM, Zur KB. Otolaryngologists may not be doing enough to diagnose pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73(11):1554–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Focht DR, Kaul A. Food impaction and eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr. 2005;147(4):540.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Simon PA, Zeng Z, Wold CM, Haddock W, Fielding JE. Prevalence of childhood asthma and associated morbidity in Los Angeles County: impacts of race/ethnicity and income. J Asthma. 2003;40(5):535–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Johnson CC, Ownby DR, Zoratti EM, Alford SH, Williams LK, Joseph CL. Environmental epidemiology of pediatric asthma and allergy. Epidemiol Rev. 2002;24(2):154–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fennessy M, Coupland S, Popay J, Naysmith K. The epidemiology and experience of atopic eczema during childhood: a discussion paper on the implications of current knowledge for health care, public health policy and research. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(8):581–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sampson HA. Update on food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(5):805–19,quiz 820.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mishra A, Rothenberg ME. Intratracheal IL-13 induces eosinophilic esophagitis by an IL-5, eotaxin-1, and STAT6-dependent mechanism. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(5):1419–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB, Rothenberg ME. An etiological role for aeroallergens and eosinophils in experimental esophagitis. J Clin Invest. 2001;107(1):83–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Onbasi K, Sin AZ, Doganavsargil B, Onder GF, Bor S, Sebik F. Eosinophil infiltration of the oesophageal mucosa in patients with pollen allergy during the season. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(11):1423–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wang FY, Gupta SK, Fitzgerald JF. Is there a seasonal variation in the incidence or intensity of allergic eosinophilic esophagitis in newly diagnosed children? J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41(5):451–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Markowitz JE, Spergel JM, Ruchelli E, Liacouras CA. Elemental diet is an effective treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adolescents. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(4):777–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yoon PW, Bresee JS, Olney RS, James LM, Khoury MJ. Epidemiology of biliary atresia: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 1997;99(3):376–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kugathasan S, Judd RH, Hoffmann RG, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease in Wisconsin: a statewide population-based study. J Pediatr. 2003;143(4):525–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Vanderheyden AD, Petras RE, DeYoung BR, Mitros FA. Emerging eosinophilic (allergic) esophagitis: increased incidence or increased recognition? Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131(5): 777–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Potter JW, Saeian K, Staff D, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: an emerging problem with unique esophageal features. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(3):355–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rothenberg ME. Biology and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(4):1238–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bonis PA. Putting the puzzle together: epidemiological and clinical clues in the etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29(1):41–52,viii.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bach JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(12):911–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Vercelli D. Mechanisms of the hygiene hypothesis–molecular and otherwise. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006;18(6):733–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Blaser MJ, Chen Y, Reibman J. Does Helicobacter pylori protect against asthma and allergy? Gut. 2008;57(5):561–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Muller-Stover I, Richter J, Haussinger D. Infection with Gnathostoma spinigerum as a cause of eosinophilic oesophagitis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2004;129(38):1973–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Devereux G, Seaton A. Diet as a risk factor for atopy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(6):1109–17,quiz 1118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Untersmayr E, Jensen-Jarolim E. The role of protein digestibility and antacids on food allergy outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(6):1301–8,quiz 1309–1310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ngo P, Furuta GT, Antonioli DA, Fox VL. Eosinophils in the esophagus–peptic or allergic eosinophilic esophagitis? Case series of three patients with esophageal eosinophilia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(7):1666–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Orlando LA, Orlando RC. Dilated intercellular spaces as a marker of GERD. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2009;11(3):190–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Blanchard C, Stucke EM, Burwinkel K, et al. Coordinate interaction between IL-13 and epithelial differentiation cluster genes in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Immunol. 2010;184(7):4033–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lack G. The concept of oral tolerance induction to foods. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;59:63–8,discussion 68–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lack G. Epidemiologic risks for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(6):1331–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kummeling I, Thijs C, Huber M, et al. Consumption of organic foods and risk of atopic disease during the first 2 years of life in the Netherlands. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(3):598–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gunther S, Hempel D, Dunkel M, Rother K, Preissner R. SuperHapten: a comprehensive database for small immunogenic compounds. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(Database issue):D906–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard J. Noel MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Noel, R.J. (2012). Epidemiology, Incidence, and Prevalence of EoE in Children. In: Liacouras, C., Markowitz, J. (eds) Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clinical Gastroenterology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-515-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-515-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-514-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-515-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics