Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ovarian Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biotargets of Cancer in Current Clinical Practice

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Pathology ((CCPATH))

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women and is the most lethal of all gynecologic cancers. Early-stage ovarian cancer is curable while women who are diagnosed with advanced ovarian cancer continue to have poor long-term survival due to recurrence of disease. Unfortunately, most women are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease. Early detection is a primary objective for clinicians and scientists, yet single modality (CA-125, transvaginal ultrasound) screening tests have been ineffective. More recent novel approaches combining modalities and utilizing serial serum sampling are being tested and hold great promise. In addition, the recent application of proteomics to this clinical question has the potential to identify new and important biotargets.

Unfortunately, the majority of ovarian cancer patients have advanced-stage disease, and although most will die of their disease, their survival is quite heterogenous. The ability to stratify patients according to prognosis could help guide therapy. The current “gold standard” for prognosis uses patient, surgical, and tumor characteristics, yet these have the tendency to be notoriously inaccurate. This prognostic uncertainty and the drive to identify predictive factors by which we can select novel and targeted therapy have stimulated researchers to look beyond traditional markers and test and validate molecular and genomic biomarkers, which are anticipated to soon complement or even eclipse traditional factors clarifying prognosis and select treatments. For patients with advanced-stage disease, a multitude of prognostic factors have been characterized. While promising, none of these biotargets have been validated at present to be clinically useful. More recent application of genomic technologies is likely to yield clinically relevant signatures and/or biotargets which will provide the basis for personalization of care for these patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Fleming GF, Ronnett BM, Seidman J, Zaino RJ, Rubin SC. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. In: Markman M, Barakat RR, Randall ME, editors. Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology. 5th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. p. 763–835.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bast Jr RC, Hennessy B, Mills GB. The biology of ovarian cancer: new opportunities for translation. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:415–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hennessy BT, Coleman RL, Markman M. Ovarian cancer. Lancet. 2009;374:1371–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Helzlsouer KJ, Bush TL, Alberg AJ, Bass KM, Zacur H, Comstock GW. Prospective study of serum CA-125 levels as markers of ovarian cancer. JAMA. 1993;269:1123–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Jellum E, Andersen A, Lund-Larsen P, Theodorsen L, Orjasaeter H. Experiences of the Janus Serum Bank in Norway. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103 Suppl 3:85–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hellstrom I, Raycraft J, Hayden-Ledbetter M, et al. The HE4 (WFDC2) protein is a biomarker for ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2003;63:3695–700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rosen DG, Wang L, Atkinson JN, et al. Potential markers that complement expression of CA125 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;99:267–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fujirebio Diagnostics I. HE4 EIA [package insert]. Malvern, PA; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Campbell S, Bhan V, Royston P, Whitehead MI, Collins WP. Transabdominal ultrasound screening for early ovarian cancer. BMJ. 1989;299:1363–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Van Nagell Jr JR, DePriest PD, Reedy MB, et al. The efficacy of transvaginal sonographic screening in asymptomatic women at risk for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;77:350–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Guerriero S, Alcazar JL, Ajossa S, et al. Transvaginal color Doppler imaging in the detection of ovarian cancer in a large study population. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2010;20:781–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Petricoin EF, Ardekani AM, Hitt BA, et al. Use of proteomic patterns in serum to identify ovarian cancer. Lancet. 2002;359:572–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Giljohann DA, Mirkin CA. Drivers of biodiagnostic development. Nature. 2009;462:461–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cane P, Azen C, Lopez E, Platt LD, Karlan BY. Tumor marker trends in asymptomatic women at risk for ovarian cancer: relevance for ovarian cancer screening. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;57:240–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Skates SJ, Menon U, MacDonald N, et al. Calculation of the risk of ovarian cancer from serial CA-125 values for preclinical detection in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:206s–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lu KH, Skates SJ, Bevers TB, et al. A prospective U.S. ovarian cancer screening study using the risk of ovarian cancer algorithm (ROCA). J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(suppl). abstr 5003.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Hallett R, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:327–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nolen B, Velikokhatnaya L, Marrangoni A, et al. Serum biomarker panels for the discrimination of benign from malignant cases in patients with an adnexal mass. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;117:440–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jacob F, Meier M, Caduff R, et al. No benefit from combining HE4 and CA125 as ovarian tumor markers in a clinical setting. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;121:487–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Andersen MR, Goff BA, Lowe KA, et al. Use of a Symptom Index, CA125, and HE4 to predict ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;116:378–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Moore RG, Miller MC, Disilvestro P, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm in women with a pelvic mass. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118:280–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Van Gorp T, Cadron I, Despierre E, et al. HE4 and CA125 as a diagnostic test in ovarian cancer: prospective validation of the Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm. Br J Cancer. 2011;104:863–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Moore RG, McMeekin DS, Brown AK, et al. A novel multiple marker bioassay utilizing HE4 and CA125 for the prediction of ovarian cancer in patients with a pelvic mass. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112:40–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang Z, Chan DW. The road from discovery to clinical diagnostics: lessons learned from the first FDA-cleared in vitro diagnostic multivariate index assay of proteomic biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:2995–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ueland FR, Desimone CP, Seamon LG, et al. Effectiveness of a multivariate index assay in the preoperative assessment of ovarian tumors. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:1289–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Holschneider C, Berek J. Ovarian cancer: epidemiology, biology and prognostic factors. Semin Surg Oncol. 2000;19(1):3–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bristow RE, Puri I, Chi DS. Cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112:265–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kaku T, Ogawa S, Kawano Y, et al. Histological classification of ovarian cancer. Med Electron Microsc. 2003;36:9–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kobel M, Kalloger SE, Santos JL, Huntsman DG, Gilks CB, Swenerton KD. Tumor type and substage predict survival in stage I and II ovarian carcinoma: insights and implications. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;116:50–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Thigpen T, Brady MF, Omura GA, et al. Age as a prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma. The Gynecologic Oncology Group experience. Cancer. 1993;71:606–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Omura GA, Brady MF, Homesley HD, et al. Long-term follow-up and prognostic factor analysis in advanced ovarian carcinoma: the Gynecologic Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:1138–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cooper BC, Sood AK, Davis CS, et al. Preoperative CA 125 levels: an independent prognostic factor for epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:59–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gadducci A, Cosio S, Fanucchi A, Negri S, Cristofani R, Genazzani AR. The predictive and prognostic value of serum CA 125 half-life during paclitaxel/platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93:131–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rustin GJ. The clinical value of tumour markers in the management of ovarian cancer. Ann Clin Biochem. 1996;33(Pt 4):284–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Meyer T, Rustin GJ. Role of tumour markers in monitoring epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:1535–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Verheijen RH, von Mensdorff-Pouilly S, van Kamp GJ, Kenemans P. CA 125: fundamental and clinical aspects. Semin Cancer Biol. 1999;9:117–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Riedinger JM, Wafflart J, Ricolleau G, et al. CA 125 half-life and CA 125 nadir during induction chemotherapy are independent predictors of epithelial ovarian cancer outcome: results of a French multicentric study. Ann Oncol. 2006;17:1234–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Diaz-Montes TaB, RE. Clinical predictors of outcome in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. In: Levenback C, Sood, AK, Lu, KH, Coleman, R, editors. Prognostic and predictive factors in gynecologic cancers. Houston, TX: Informa; 2007. p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Skirnisdottir I, Sorbe B, Karlsson M, Seidal T. Prognostic importance of DNA ploidy and p53 in early stages of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 2001;19:1295–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Havrilesky L, Darcy M, Hamdan H, et al. Prognostic significance of p53 mutation and p53 overexpression in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3814–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rose SL. TP53/p53 as a prognostic factor. In: Levenback C, Sood AK, Lu KH, Coleman R, editors. Prognostic and predictive factors in gynecologic cancers. Houston, TX: Informa; 2007. p. 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Tothill RW, Tinker AV, George J, et al. Novel molecular subtypes of serous and endometrioid ovarian cancer linked to clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:5198–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Goff BA, Ries JA, Els LP, Coltrera MD, Gown AM. Immunophenotype of ovarian cancer as predictor of clinical outcome: evaluation at primary surgery and second-look procedure. Gynecol Oncol. 1998;70:378–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Allan LA, Campbell MK, Milner BJ, et al. The signi­ficance of p53 mutation and over-expression in ovarian cancer prognosis. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1996;6:483–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Tachibana M, Watanabe J, Matsushima Y, et al. Independence of the prognostic value of tumor suppressor protein expression in ovarian adenocarcinomas: a multivariate analysis of expression of p53, retinoblastoma, and related proteins. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003;13:598–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dogan E, Saygili U, Tuna B, et al. p53 and mdm2 as prognostic indicators in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer: a multivariate analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;97:46–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Geisler JP, Geisler HE, Wiemann MC, Givens SS, Zhou Z, Miller GA. Quantification of p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;66:435–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. van der Zee AG, Hollema H, Suurmeijer AJ, et al. Value of P-glycoprotein, glutathione S-transferase pi, c-erbB-2, and p53 as prognostic factors in ovarian carcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:70–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sagarra RA, Andrade LA, Martinez EZ, Pinto GA, Syrjanen KJ, Derchain SF. P53 and Bcl-2 as prognostic predictors in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2002;12:720–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sheridan E, Silcocks P, Smith J, Hancock BW, Goyns MH. P53 mutation in a series of epithelial ovarian cancers from the U.K., and its prognostic significance. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A:1701–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mano Y, Kikuchi Y, Yamamoto K, et al. Bcl-2 as a predictor of chemosensitivity and prognosis in primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35:1214–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hashiguchi Y, Tsuda H, Inoue T, Nishimura S, Suzuki T, Kawamura N. Alteration of cell cycle regulators correlates with survival in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:165–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Marks JR, Davidoff AM, Kerns BJ, et al. Overexpression and mutation of p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 1991;51:2979–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Bali A, O’Brien PM, Edwards LS, Sutherland RL, Hacker NF, Henshall SM. Cyclin D1, p53, and p21Waf1/Cip1 expression is predictive of poor clinical outcome in serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5168–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ferrandina G, Fagotti A, Salerno MG, et al. p53 overexpression is associated with cytoreduction and response to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999;81:733–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Shahin MS, Hughes JH, Sood AK, Buller RE. The prognostic significance of p53 tumor suppressor gene alterations in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89:2006–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Baekelandt M, Kristensen GB, Nesland JM, Trope CG, Holm R. Clinical significance of apoptosis-related factors p53, Mdm2, and Bcl-2 in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2061.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Marx D, Meden H, Ziemek T, Lenthe T, Kuhn W, Schauer A. Expression of the p53 tumour suppressor gene as a prognostic marker in platinum-treated patients with ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34:845–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hartmann LC, Podratz KC, Keeney GL, et al. Prognostic significance of p53 immunostaining in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:64–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Nielsen JS, Jakobsen E, Holund B, Bertelsen K, Jakobsen A. Prognostic significance of p53, Her-2, and EGFR overexpression in borderline and epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14:1086–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Okuda T, Otsuka J, Sekizawa A, et al. p53 mutations and overexpression affect prognosis of ovarian endometrioid cancer but not clear cell cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;88:318–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Niwa K, Itoh M, Murase T, et al. Alteration of p53 gene in ovarian carcinoma: clinicopathological correlation and prognostic significance. Br J Cancer. 1994;70:1191–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Smith-Sorensen B, Kaern J, Holm R, Dorum A, Trope C, Borresen-Dale AL. Therapy effect of either paclitaxel or cyclophosphamide combination treatment in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and relation to TP53 gene status. Br J Cancer. 1998;78:375–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leitao Jr MM, Boyd J, Hummer A, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of early-stage sporadic ovarian carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28:147–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fallows S, Price J, Atkinson RJ, Johnston PG, Hickey I, Russell SE. P53 mutation does not affect prognosis in ovarian epithelial malignancies. J Pathol. 2001;194:68–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Schuyer M, van der Burg ME, Henzen-Logmans SC, et al. Reduced expression of BAX is associated with poor prognosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer: a multifactorial analysis of TP53, p21, BAX and BCL-2. Br J Cancer. 2001;85:1359–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Wang Y, Helland A, Holm R, et al. TP53 mutations in early-stage ovarian carcinoma, relation to long-term survival. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:678–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wang Y, Kringen P, Kristensen GB, et al. Effect of the codon 72 polymorphism (c.215G>C, p.Arg72Pro) in combination with somatic sequence variants in the TP53 gene on survival in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Hum Mutat. 2004;24:21–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Reles A, Wen WH, Schmider A, et al. Correlation of p53 mutations with resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy and shortened survival in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7:2984–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bai L, Zhu WG. p53: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Applications. J Cancer Mol. 2006;2:141–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Chu CS, Rubin SC. Influence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 on Ovarian Cancer Survival. In: Levenback C, Sood AK, Lu KH, Coleman R, editors. Prognostic and predictive factors in gynecologic cancers. Houston, TX: Informa; 2007. p. 15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Secord AA, Lee PS, Darcy KM, et al. Maspin expression in epithelial ovarian cancer and associations with poor prognosis: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;101:390–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Rubin SC, Benjamin I, Behbakht K, et al. Clinical and pathological features of ovarian cancer in women with germ-line mutations of BRCA1. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1413–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Aida H, Takakuwa K, Nagata H, et al. Clinical features of ovarian cancer in Japanese women with germ-line mutations of BRCA1. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4:235–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Johannsson OT, Ranstam J, Borg A, Olsson H. Survival of BRCA1 breast and ovarian cancer patients: a population-based study from southern Sweden. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:397–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Pharoah PD, Easton DF, Stockton DL, Gayther S, Ponder BA. Survival in familial, BRCA1-associated, and BRCA2-associated epithelial ovarian cancer. United Kingdom Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research (UKCCCR) Familial Ovarian Cancer Study Group. Cancer Res. 1999;59:868–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Boyd J, Sonoda Y, Federici MG, et al. Clinicopathologic features of BRCA-linked and sporadic ovarian cancer. JAMA. 2000;283:2260–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Zweemer RP, Verheijen RH, Coebergh JW, et al. Survival analysis in familial ovarian cancer, a case control study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001;98:219–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ramus SJ, Fishman A, Pharoah PD, Yarkoni S, Altaras M, Ponder BA. Ovarian cancer survival in Ashkenazi Jewish patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001;27:278–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ben David Y, Chetrit A, Hirsh-Yechezkel G, et al. Effect of BRCA mutations on the length of survival in epithelial ovarian tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:463–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Buller RE, Shahin MS, Geisler JP, Zogg M, De Young BR, Davis CS. Failure of BRCA1 dysfunction to alter ovarian cancer survival. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:1196–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cass I, Baldwin RL, Varkey T, Moslehi R, Narod SA, Karlan BY. Improved survival in women with BRCA-associated ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;97:2187–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kringen P, Wang Y, Dumeaux V, et al. TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinomas from sporadic cases and carriers of two distinct BRCA1 founder mutations; relation to age at diagnosis and survival. BMC Cancer. 2005;5:134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Pal T, Permuth-Wey J, Kapoor R, Cantor A, Sutphen R. Improved survival in BRCA2 carriers with ovarian cancer. Fam Cancer. 2007;6:113–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Banerjee S, Gore M. The future of targeted therapies in ovarian cancer. Oncologist. 2009;14:706–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lose F, Nagle CM, O’Mara T, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms and ovarian cancer survival. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;119:479–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Horowitz NS, Penson RT, Duda DG, et al. Safety, efficacy, and biomarker exploration in a phase II study of bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and gemcitabine in recurrent Mullerian carcinoma. Clin Ovarian Cancer Other Gynecol Malig. 2011;4:26–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Sood AK, Fletcher MS, Gruman LM, et al. The paradoxical expression of maspin in ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:2924–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mackay HJ, Oza AM. Other new targets. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009;19 Suppl 2:S49–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Shen GH, Ghazizadeh M, Kawanami O, et al. Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human ovarian carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2000;83:196–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Meden H, Fattahi-Meibodi A, Marx D. ELISA-based quantification of p105 (c-erbB-2, HER2/neu) in serum of ovarian carcinoma. Methods Mol Med. 2001;39:125–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Cheung TH, Wong YF, Chung TK, Maimonis P, Chang AM. Clinical use of serum c-erbB-2 in patients with ovarian masses. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1999;48:133–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hellstrom I, Goodman G, Pullman J, Yang Y, Hellstrom KE. Overexpression of HER-2 in ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2001;61:2420–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Meden H, Marx D, Raab T, Kron M, Schauer A, Kuhn W. EGF-R and overexpression of the oncogene c-erbB-2 in ovarian cancer: immunohistochemical findings and prognostic value. J Obstet Gynaecol (Tokyo 1995). 1995;21:167–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Nicholson RI, Gee JM, Harper ME. EGFR and cancer prognosis. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37 Suppl 4:S9–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Elie C, Geay JF, Morcos M, et al. Lack of relationship between EGFR-1 immunohistochemical expression and prognosis in a multicentre clinical trial of 93 patients with advanced primary ovarian epithelial cancer (GINECO group). Br J Cancer. 2004;91:470–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Bookman MA, Darcy KM, Clarke-Pearson D, Boothby RA, Horowitz IR. Evaluation of monoclonal humanized anti-HER-2 antibody, trastuzumab, in patients with recurrent or refractory ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma with overexpression of HER-2: a phase II trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:283–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Mitsudomi T, et al. MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science. 2007;316:1039–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Lassus H, Staff S, Leminen A, Isola J, Butzow R. Aurora-A overexpression and aneuploidy predict poor outcome in serous ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;120:11–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bonome T, Levine DA, Shih J, et al. A gene signature predicting for survival in suboptimally debulked patients with ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2008;68:5478–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mok SC, Bonome T, Vathipadiekal V, et al. A gene signature predictive for outcome in advanced ovarian cancer identifies a survival factor: microfibril-associated glycoprotein 2. Cancer Cell. 2009;16:521–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gillette Center for Women’s Cancers, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey 9-072, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    Jessica Wangui Oribabor B.S., Allison Ambrosio B.A. & Michael J. Birrer M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Cesar M. Castro M.D., M.M.Sc.

Authors
  1. Jessica Wangui Oribabor B.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Allison Ambrosio B.A.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cesar M. Castro M.D., M.M.Sc.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michael J. Birrer M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael J. Birrer M.D., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chair of General Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito-2, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy

    Mauro Bologna

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Oribabor, J.W., Ambrosio, A., Castro, C.M., Birrer, M.J. (2012). Ovarian Cancer. In: Bologna, M. (eds) Biotargets of Cancer in Current Clinical Practice. Current Clinical Pathology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-615-9_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-615-9_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-614-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-615-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation