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Exercise and Endogenous Opiates

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Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

Abstract

Endogenous opiates, endorphins and enkephalins, influence numerous processes within the body including pain, cardiac function, cellular growth, immunity, and blood glucose regulation. Both opiates are released in the brain and stay within the brain compartment. Beta-endorphins (βE) released into the blood arise primarily from the anterior pituitary gland but are also released from immune cells. Generally, acute aerobic exercise of sufficient intensity (>60 % VO2 max) can also increase circulating βE, with higher exercise intensity increasing βE to a greater extent. Exercise duration may also influence βE blood concentration. High-intensity anaerobic exercise can increase circulating βE. Resistance exercise depending on total work volume and relative intensity level can elevate blood βE. Aerobically trained individuals need to work at a greater absolute workload to manifest similar blood βE increases compared to untrained individuals. Circulating βE levels at rest are unaffected in both men and women after aerobic training with both genders being comparable. Resistance training does not appear to influence resting βE blood levels. However, it should be noted that most resistance studies utilized trained subjects. The elevation in βE appears to help modify the immune response, alter blood pressure, pain, and assists with blood glucose regulation during exercise. Limited research on enkephalins and exercise has been reported and the results are equivocal. A limited number of studies have reported an increased enkephalin level within certain regions of the brain. There are discrepancies with the enkephalin response to endurance training. Clearly more research is needed in the area of endogenous opioids and exercise especially within the CNS compartment.

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  1. Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA

    Allan H. Goldfarb PHD

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  1. , Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew UMC, 4 Ha'razim St, Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel

    Naama Constantini

  2. , Applied Physiology Laboratory, UNC at Chapel Hill, 203 Fezter Hall, Chapel Hill, 27599, North Carolina, USA

    Anthony C. Hackney

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Goldfarb, A.H. (2013). Exercise and Endogenous Opiates. In: Constantini, N., Hackney, A. (eds) Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-314-5_2

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