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Spinal Cord Repair by Means of Tissue Engineered Scaffolds

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Emerging Trends in Cell and Gene Therapy

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to devastating and permanent loss of ­neurological function, affecting all levels below the site of trauma. The injured adult spinal cord has little self-regenerative capacity due to multifactorial reasons. Tissue engineered scaffolds have emerged as a promising approach to promote regeneration of the damaged spinal cord by providing guidance to the regrowing axons. Integration of different therapeutic strategies with scaffolds has achieved substantial reestablishment of functional neural connectivity, with some strategies now being considered for clinical trials. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion on the development of scaffold-based strategies currently under investigation for spinal cord tissue regeneration. First is a discussion of spinal cord structure, the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, and various SCI animal models for experimental studies. Second is a detailed literature review and discussion of scaffold biomaterials and widely used techniques for scaffold fabrication in the context of SCI repair. This chapter then examines various therapeutic strategies currently used to repair SCI, including cell therapy, extracellular matrix protein/peptide modification, gene therapy, and molecular therapy.

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Abbreviations

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

ChABC:

Chondroitinase ABC

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSPGs:

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

DRG:

Dorsal root ganglia

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

GDNF:

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

HA:

Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan

IKVAV:

Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val

MAG:

Myelin-associated glycoprotein

NT-3:

Neurotrophin-3

OMgp:

Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein

OPF:

Oligo(polyethylene glycol) fumarate

PAN/PVC:

Polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylchloride

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PHB:

Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate

PHEMA:

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

PHEMA-MMA:

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate)

PHPMA:

PolyN-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide

PLA:

Poly(d,l-lactic acid)

PLGA:

Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)

RAD:

Arginine–alanine–aspartate

RGD:

Arg-Gly-Asp

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SIS:

Small intestinal submucosa

TrkC:

Tyrosine receptor kinase C

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

YIGSR:

Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    Mindan Wang BSc, Xiongbiao Chen PhD & David J. Schreyer PhD

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    Xiongbiao Chen PhD

  3. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    David J. Schreyer PhD

Authors
  1. Mindan Wang BSc
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  2. Xiongbiao Chen PhD
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  3. David J. Schreyer PhD
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Correspondence to Mindan Wang BSc .

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  1. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Douglas Hall 206, Chicago State University, S. King Drive 9501, Chicago, 60628, Illinois, USA

    Michael K. Danquah

  2. Health Science Center, Dept. Pharmaceutical &, University of Tennessee, S. Manassas 19, Memphis, 38103, Tennessee, USA

    Ram I. Mahato

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Wang, M., Chen, X., Schreyer, D.J. (2013). Spinal Cord Repair by Means of Tissue Engineered Scaffolds. In: Danquah, M., Mahato, R. (eds) Emerging Trends in Cell and Gene Therapy. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-417-3_21

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