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Third and Fourth Degree Tears

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Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mayday University Hospital, Croydon, UK

    Abdul H. Sultan & Ranee Thakar

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  1. Abdul H. Sultan
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  2. Ranee Thakar
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Mayday University Hospital, Croydon, UK

    Abdul H. Sultan

  2. Consultant Obstetrician and Urogynaecologist, Mayday University Hospital, Croydon, UK

    Ranee Thakar

  3. Furlong Professor of Women’s Health Director of Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Dee E. Fenner

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Sultan, A.H., Thakar, R. (2009). Third and Fourth Degree Tears. In: Sultan, A.H., Thakar, R., Fenner, D.E. (eds) Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-503-5_4

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