Abstract
The history of heart valve surgery begins in the early twentieth century (Table 12.1) although the first clinical valve implantation was of a Starr–Edwards valve (Fig. 12.1) in 1960. Early assessment of replacement heart valves was by cardiac catheterization and fluoroscopy. Echocardiography is now the gold standard although fluoroscopy remains useful for detecting reduced mechanical leaflet motion in suspected thrombosis.
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Chambers, J. (2009). Clinical Echocardiography Prosthetic Valves. In: Nihoyannopoulos, P., Kisslo, J. (eds) Echocardiography. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-293-1_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-293-1_12
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