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Antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxins

Réponse anticorps aux toxines de Clostridium difficile

Antikörper-Reaktion auf Clostridium difficile-Toxine

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Ökosystem Darm Special
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Summary

Clostridium difficile A and B toxins induce the production of specific antibodies in both man and animals. In the hamster, passive oral immunization and vaccination against the two toxins prevents the development of a fatal colitis induced by C. difficile. The antibodies which are capable of neutralizing the enterotoxicity of toxin A recognise epitopes of the 38 repetitive sequences of the C-terminal end of the protein.

In man, serum IgG anti-toxin A and B, and serum and intestinal IgA anti-toxin A have been detected in two thirds of the normal population. The concentration of specific secretory IgA’s was higher in the colonic mucosa than in the duodenum. Specific secretory IgA could inhibit in vitro the fixation of toxin A to the intestinal receptor of the rabbit. With symptomatic infection, a rise in IgG antitoxin A levels was seen in 11–68% of cases, and a rise in IgG antitoxin B in 44–71%. The serum and fecal IgA also rose to a significant extent. IgA was recognised to be responsible for the neutralising activity of the serum of convalescent patients.

Several authors have observed an association between the presence of relapsing colitis and a lack of increase in Ig anti-A antitoxin, though a causative relation remains unproven. In these patients, intravenous administration of immunoglobulin containing a high natural titer of IgG antitoxin A, was followed by a rapid and lasting clinical remission. The mechanism of action is unknown.

Improved knowledge of the roles of mucosal and systemic immunity against these toxins will allow to define the potential usefulness of a vaccine and the place of passive immunization in relapsing colitis.

Résumé

Les toxines A et B de C. difficile entraînent la production d’anticorps spécifiques, chez l’homme comme chez l’animal. Chez le hamster, l’immunisation orale passive et la vaccination contre les deux toxines préviennent le développement d’une colite létale induite par C. difficile. Les anticorps capables de neutraliser l’entérotoxicité de la toxine A reconnaissent certains épitopes, parmi les 38 séquences répétitives de l’extrémité carboxyl-terminale de la protéine.

Chez l’homme, les IgG sériques anti-toxines A et B et les IgA sériques et intestinales anti-toxines A ont été détectées dans deux tiers de la population normale. La concentration des IgA sécrétoires (IgAs) était plus élevée dans la muqueuse colique que dans le duodénum. Les IgAs pouvaient inhiber in vitro la fixation de la toxine A au récepteur intestinal du lapin.

Lors d’une infection symptomatique, une élévation des IgG anti-toxine A est notée dans 11 à 68% des cas, et une élévation des IgG anti-toxine B dans 44 à 71% des cas. Les IgA sériques et fécales s’élèvent également de facon significative. Les IgA sont considérées comme responsables de l’activité neutralisante du sérum des patients convalescents.

Plusieurs auteurs ont observé une association entre la présence de colites récidivantes et une absence d’augmentation des IgA anti-toxine A, bien qu’une relation de cause à effet demeure non établie. Chez ces patients, l’administration intraveineuse d’immunoglobulines contenant un titre naturellement élevé en IgG anti-toxine A, fut suivie d’une rémission clinique rapide et durable. Les mécanismes d’action sont inconnus.

L’amélioration des connaissances sur Ie rôle de l’immunité locale et systémique contre les toxines de C. difficile permettra de définir l’utilité potentielle d’un vaccin et la place de l’immunisation passive dans les colites récidivantes.

Zusammenfassung

Die Clostridium difficile-Toxine A und B induzieren bei Menschen und Tieren die Bildung spezifischer Antikörper. Beim Hamster verhütet die passive orale Immunisierung und Impfung gegen die beiden Toxine die Entstehung einer durch eine Infektion mit C. difficile ausgelösten letalen Kolitis. Antikörper, die in der Lage sind, die Enterotoxizität von Toxin A zu neutralisieren, erkennen bestimmte Epitope der 38 repetitiven Sequenzen am Carboxylende des Proteins.

Beim Menschen wurden IgG-Antikörper gegen die Toxine A und B im Serum sowie IgA-Antikörper gegen Toxin A im Serum und im Darm bei zwei Dritteln der gesunden Bevölkerung nachgewiesen. Die Konzentration an spezifischem sekretorischen IgA war in der Colonmucosa höher als im Duodenum. Spezifisches sekretorisches IgA hemmte in vitro die Bindung von Toxin A an die Rezeptoren im Kaninchendarm. Bei symptomatischen Infektionen wurde in 11% – 68% der Fälle ein Anstieg der IgG-Antitoxin A-Spiegel sowie in 44% – 71% der Fälle ein Anstieg des IgG-Antitoxin B registriert. Die IgA-Spiegel in Serum und Faeces stiegen ebenfalls in beträchtlichem Maße an. IgA wird als Ursache für die neutralisierende Wirkung des Serums genesender Patienten angesehen.

Mehrere Autoren bemerkten einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorliegen einer rezidivierenden Kolitis und einem mangelnden Anstieg des IgA-Antitoxins A; allerdings ist eine kausale Beziehung noch unbewiesen. Bei diesen Patienten folgte auf die intravenöse Gabe von Immunglobulin mit einem hohen natürlichen Titer von IgG-Antitoxin A eine rasche und dauerhafte klinische Remission. Der Wirkmechanismus ist unbekannt.

Eine bessere Kenntnis der Rolle der mukosalen und systemischen Immunität gegen diese Toxine wird in die Lage versetzen, den potentiellen Wert entsprechender Impfungen und die Rolle der passiven Immunisierung gegen rezidivierende Colitiden zu würdigen.

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© 1996 Springer-Verlag France

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Delmée, M., Warny, M. (1996). Antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxins. In: Rambaud, JC., LaMont, J.T. (eds) Ökosystem Darm Special . Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0924-3_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0924-3_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Paris

  • Print ISBN: 978-2-287-59639-1

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