Abstract
Sigmund Freud’s theories of the anus in psychological development appear so idiosyncratic that few have thought to wonder what cultural and intellectual pressures contributed to such ideas. Freud viewed excretory function as the first of the pleasures that “civilised Man” must sublimate towards the development of pecuniary interest in modern capitalist society. Considering Freud’s cited works of anthropology and ethnography, it appears that much of his inspiration came from European and American accounts of “primitive” cultures and their uses of excrement, published around the turn of the twentieth century. This chapter looks at the ideas of late nineteenth-century anthropologists and ethnographers whose discussions of primitive excrement appear most relevant towards the construction of an intellectual genealogy of the anal Freud.
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Notes
- 1.
Ferenczi , “The Ontogenesis of the Interest in Money ” (1916).
- 2.
Abraham , “A Short Study of the Development of the Libido ” (1926).
- 3.
Kristeva, Pouvoirs de l’horreur.
- 4.
Van der Geest, “Not Knowing about Defecation ,” 75–76. See also Moore, “Historicizing the Modern Excremental Worldview”.
- 5.
Whatmore, What Is Intellectual History? 45–55.
- 6.
Burke, What Is Cultural History? 4, 33.
- 7.
Koselleck, The Practice of Conceptual History, 138–139.
- 8.
See Gay, The Cultivation of Hatred, 178–180; Gay, Reading Freud, 107–110.
- 9.
See Sulloway , Freud, Biologist of the Mind, xii.
- 10.
Dundes , Life Is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder.
- 11.
Gay, Freud, A Life for Our Time, 44–62.
- 12.
Khanna , Dark Continents, 48–52; Walton, Fair Sex, Savage Dreams , 70–74; and Moore, Sexual Myths of Modernity , 55–80.
- 13.
Freud, Civilisation and Its Discontents, 47 ftn.
- 14.
Freud, “Character and Anal Erotism,” 295–297.
- 15.
Strachey, “Editor’s Note,” 5.
- 16.
Letter of February 8, 1897. The Cambridge Companion to Freud, 182.
- 17.
Freud, Civilisation and Its Discontents, 47 fnt.
- 18.
Freud, “Character and Anal Erotism” (1908), 294–297.
- 19.
Freud, “The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex” (1925), 663. See also Freud, “On the Transformation of Instincts with special reference to Anal Erotism” (1917), 171.
- 20.
Freud, “The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex,” 661–664.
- 21.
Freud, “On the Transformation of Instincts with Special Reference to Anal Erotism,” 168.
- 22.
Freud, “The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex,” 175.
- 23.
Freud, “On the Transformation of Instincts ,” 168.
- 24.
Ibid., 297.
- 25.
Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams , 413, 475.
- 26.
Freud, Civilisation and Its Discontents, 44.
- 27.
Considérant, Description du phalanstère et considérations sociales sur l’architechtonique, cited in Guerrand, Les Lieux, 77.
- 28.
Corbin, Le Miasme et la jonquille, 167–188; Delaporte, Le Savoir de la maladie, Ch. 5; also Laporte, l’Histoire de la merde; Reid, Paris Sewers and Sewermen; Barnes, The Great Stink of Paris.
- 29.
Anon, Bulletin de l’Industrie de Paris , cited in Anon, Seule réponse à l’article anonyme, 5.
- 30.
Hugo, Les Miserables, 879.
- 31.
Reid, Paris Sewers and Sewermen, 36.
- 32.
Barnes, The Great Stink of Paris.
- 33.
Mayer, “The Canalisation souterraine de Paris,” 184.
- 34.
Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, vol. 2, 386.
- 35.
Herbert, “Filthy Lucre,” 185–213.
- 36.
Himmelfarb , “The “Real” Marx,” 39.
- 37.
Corbin, Le Miasme et la jonquille; Barnes, The Great Stink of Paris.
- 38.
Reid, Paris Sewers and Sewermen, 39–50.
- 39.
Franklin, La Vie privée d’autrefois, Tome VII.
- 40.
Ibid., 176.
- 41.
Ibid., 5–6.
- 42.
Fauvel, “Action du chocolat et du café sur l’excrétion urique,” 854. Also: Choqart, Aux consommateurs de chocolat et de thé, 39.
- 43.
For a detailed discussion of this phenomenon see Whorton, Inner Hygiene ; also Frexinos, Voyage sans transit.
- 44.
Whorton, Inner Hygiene , xii.
- 45.
Ibid., 33.
- 46.
Garnier, L’Œuvre de Rabelais (Paris: Block, 1889).
- 47.
Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams , 475–476. This work was first published in 1899. The fourth edition cited here was published in 1928.
- 48.
Freud, “The Claims of Psychoanalysis to Scientific Interest” (1913), 168.
- 49.
Cotti, “Sexuality and Psychoanalytic Aggrandisement,” 64.
- 50.
Glick, The Comparative Reception of Darwinism , 110. Haeckel, The Riddle of the Universe.
- 51.
Gould, Ontogeny and Phylogeny , 1.
- 52.
Sulloway , Freud, Biologist of the Mind, 261–262; Gould, Ontogeny and Phylogeny , 157.
- 53.
Bölsche , Das Liebesleben in der Natur . See Sulloway , Freud, Biologist of the Mind, 264. See also Amouroux, “Le Précieux livre de W. Bölsche,” 24–36.
- 54.
Sulloway , Freud, Biologist of the Mind, 262–263.
- 55.
See Kenny, “Freud, Jung and Boas,” 4; Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man.
- 56.
Discussed in Moore, Sexual Myths of Modernity , 67–68.
- 57.
McClintock, Imperial Leather, 359.
- 58.
Reclus, Le primitif d’Australie, 131, 339. “[des] âmes simples”, “[la] naïveté du nègre”.
- 59.
Ibid., 227–228. “elles se couvrent la tête d’excréments…leurs larmes creusent des sillons dans le masque de deuil”.
- 60.
Ibid., 199. “Cui mancia mmerda di Zingari diventa indivinnu”; “Rappelons cependant qu’en plusieurs anciennes corporations de l’Allemagne et de la Hongrie, l’apprenti ne passait compagnon que par une initiation mal odorante”.
- 61.
Ibid., 199.
- 62.
Ibid., 31.
- 63.
Ibid., 200.
- 64.
Beveridge , The Aborigines of Victoria and the Riverina, 4.
- 65.
Ibid., 6.
- 66.
Ibid., 7.
- 67.
Ibid., 9–10.
- 68.
Ibid., 23.
- 69.
Ibid., 12.
- 70.
Ibid., 53.
- 71.
LaGuardia, “Doctor Rabelais and the Medicine of Scatology,” 38–54; Schmidt and Simon, “Holy and Unholy Shit,” 109–119.
- 72.
Lloyd-Price, Abu-Ali and Huttenhower, “The Healthy Human Microbiome ,” 1–11; Guinane and Cotter, “The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Health and Chronic Gastrointestinal Disease,” 296.
- 73.
Lopez and Grinspan, “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease,” 374; Ho Bak, et al., “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Refractory Crohn’s Disease,” 244.
- 74.
Lehrer, “Duodenal infusion of feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile ,” 2144.
- 75.
Hecke, Wang, and Lee et al., “Implications for Antibiotic Resistance for Patients’ Recovery from Common Infections,” 371; Bernabé, Langendorf and Ford et al., “Antimicrobial Resistance in West Africa,” 30274; Le Page, Gunnarsson and Snape et al., “Integrating Human and Environmental Health in Antibiotic Risk Assessment,” 30900.
- 76.
Leech, “Gut Microbiota,” 1; Schorr et al., “Gut Microbiome of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherers,” 3654.
- 77.
Bourke, Scatalogic Rites of All Nations .
- 78.
Ibid., on Reclus: 36, 145, 170, 178, 189, 204, 209, 236, 271, 339, 348, 351, 392, 400, 430, 440, 446, 463; on Beveridge: 35, 355, 465.
- 79.
Ibid., v.
- 80.
Ibid., 33.
- 81.
Ibid., 34.
- 82.
Ibid., 456–457.
- 83.
Ibid., 400.
- 84.
Ibid., 272.
- 85.
Boyle, The Usefulness of Experimental Philosophy, 64.
- 86.
Boyle, The Nature, Properties, and Effects of Effluvia, 436.
- 87.
Bourke, Scatalogic Rites of All Nations , v; Buckle, Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works, vol. II, 472.
- 88.
Veinant, Jannet and Payen, Bibliotheca Scatologica ; citations in Bourke, Scatalogic Rites of All Nations , iv, 30–32, 46, 114, 120, 129, 134–137, 140, 156, 278–279, 341.
- 89.
Payen, Essai sur les eaux minérales; Payen, Notice bibliographique sur Montaigne.
- 90.
Veinant, Jannet and Payen, Bibliotheca Scatologica , xv.
- 91.
Ibid., xix. “tout ce qui touche à l’homme est digne d’étude….rien n’est plus humain que le caput mortuum de la chimie intestinale….”
- 92.
Ibid., 29.
- 93.
Ibid., xx.
- 94.
Ibid., xv.
- 95.
Bourke, Scatalogic Rites of All Nations , iv.
- 96.
Ibid., iii, 31.
- 97.
Ibid., 460.
- 98.
Ibid., 46.
- 99.
Ibid., 32–72.
- 100.
Ibid., 217, 221.
- 101.
Ibid., 130–131.
- 102.
Ibid., 129–130.
- 103.
Burton , The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, 223, 229.
- 104.
Frazer, The Golden Bough , 223.
- 105.
Bourke, Scatalogic Rites of All Nations , 29.
- 106.
Mayer, Sites of the Unconscious, 122.
- 107.
Freud, “On Transformation of Instinct as Exemplified in Anal Erotism,” 131.
- 108.
Freud, “Geleitwort zu ‘Der Unrat in Sitte, Glauben und Gewohnheitsrecht in Völker’” (1913), 249–251.
- 109.
Freud, “Preface to Bourke’s Scatological Rites of All Nations” (1913), 336.
- 110.
Sulloway , Freud, Biologist of the Mind, 377.
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Moore, A.M. (2018). Situating the Anal Freud in Nineteenth-Century Imaginaries of Excrement and Colonial Primitivity. In: Mathias, M., Moore, A.M. (eds) Gut Feeling and Digestive Health in Nineteenth-Century Literature, History and Culture. Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01857-3_4
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