Abstract
The history of doping is as old as sport itself. From ancient times, athletes try to win at any cost, using all the resources they can discover. The WADA launches every year a List of forbidden substances and methods because a new year is an opportunity of improving the drugs or methods to achieve performances in sports which are not fair and can harm the athlete’s health. Besides the List, doping has become so sophisticated that athletes have to be controlled by a biological passport that can figure out if they are cheating about improving hemoglobin or steroids and so being checked in their “physiologic values, not so physiologic after all.”
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Pausanias. Descriptions of Greece, a second century A.D. (Translated by W.H.S. Jones). Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library; 1959.
Voy R. Drugs, sport, and politics. Champaign: Leisure Press; 1991 (OR by the tribes of actual Norway).
Eynon N, et al. Genes and elite athletes: a roadmap for future research. J Physiol. 2011;589:3063–70.
Berman Y, North KN. A gene for speed: the emerging role of alpha-actinin-3 in muscle metabolism. Physiology (Bethesda). 2010;25:250–9.
David K, Dingemanse E, Freud J, Laqueur E. Uber krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden,[Testosteron], wirksamer als aus Harn oder aus Cholestrin bereitetes Androsteron. Hoppe Seylers Zeischrift Physiologische Chemie. 1935;233:281–2.
Wade N. Anabolic steroids: doctors denounce them, but athletes aren’t listening. Science. 1972;176:1399–403.
Bhasin S, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1–7.
Beuck S, Schanzer W, Thevis M. Hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers and other small-molecule erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in current and preventive doping analysis. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4:830–45.
Bennett CL, et al. Venous thromboembolism and mortality associated with recombinant erythropoietin and darbepoetin administration for the treatment of cancer-associated anemia. JAMA. 2008;299:914–24.
Thieme D, Hemmersbach P, editors. Doping in sports. In: Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Vol. 195. Berlin: Springer; 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_8.
Guha N, et al. Biochemical markers of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I [rhIGF-I]/rhIGF binding protein-3 [rhIGFBP-3] misuse in athletes. Drug Test Anal. 2013;5:843–9.
Selective estrogen-receptor modulators — mechanisms of action and application to clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(7):618–29.
Handelsman DJ. Indirect androgen doping by oestrogen blockade in sports. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:598–605.. [PMC free article]
Yamada AK, Verlengia R, Bueno Junior CR. Myostatin: genetic variants, therapy andgene doping. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2012;48(3):369–77.
Dzintare M, Kalvins I. Mildronate increases aerobic capabilities of athletes through carnitine-lowering effect. In: 5th Baltic sport science conference: current issues and new ideas in sports science, Kaunas, Lithuania, 18–19 April 2012. Lithuania: Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education; 2012. p. 59.
Pray L. Sports, gene doping, and WADA. Nature Education. 2008;1(1):77.
Taroni F, Aitken C, Garbolino P, Biedermann A. Bayesian networks and probabilistic inference in forensic science. Chichester: Wiley; 2006. 372p.
WADA. Athlete Biological Passport operating guidelines and compilation of required elements. Montreal: WADA; 2009.
Sottas PE, Robinson N, Saugy M. The athlete’s biological passport and indirect markers of blood doping. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2010;195:305–26.
Sottas PE, Saugy M, Saudan C. Endogenous steroid profiling in the Athlete Biological Passport. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39:59–73.
Holt RI, Sönksen PH. Growth hormone, IGF-I and insulin and their abuse in sport. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:542–56.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 ISAKOS
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cascais, M.J. (2019). Doping. In: Rocha Piedade, S., Imhoff, A., Clatworthy, M., Cohen, M., Espregueira-Mendes, J. (eds) The Sports Medicine Physician. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10433-7_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10433-7_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10432-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10433-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)