Skip to main content

Curbing Tobacco Addiction in Kenya: Ethical and Legal Challenges Arising

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Addiction in South and East Africa
  • 311 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter seeks to reiterate the continued relevance of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and subsequent national legislation to aid the Kenya government in promoting and protecting public health, while urging the tobacco industry to maintain high ethical standards in the conduct of their business. These attempts are, however, hampered by the unethical conduct of tobacco manufacturers. It has been noted that tobacco companies have, over the years, employed various tactics, including provision of phony statistics and research evidence driven at interfering with the policies adopted to dissuade people from smoking. This amounts to abdication of the ethical standards required of these companies as their conducts foster increased addiction with deleterious health outcomes, in addition to undermining the value of research altogether.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adrian, N. 2000. Letter from Adrian N Payne to JA Aluoch Regarding Fifth Annual Scientific Conference, October 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, M. 2018. Shisha Smoking Continues in Mombasa and Kilifi Despite Ban. Business Daily, January 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alushula, P. 2017. Smokers to Het Price Cut on Low-End Cigarettes. The Standard, April 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnoya, J., and S.A. Glantz. 2006. The Tobacco Industry’s Worldwide ETS Consultants Project: European and Asian Components. European Journal of Public Health 16: 69–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N.L. 2010. Nicotine Addiction, New Addiction, New England. Journal of Medicine 362 (24): 2295–2303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bero, L., et al. 1995. Lawyer Control of the Tobacco Industry’s External Research Program. The Brown and Williamson Documents. Journal of the American Medical Association 274: 241–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnie, R.J., K. Stratton, and L.Y. Kwan, eds. 2015. The Effects of Tobacco Use on Health. In Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products. Washington, DC: National Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornhauser, A., J. McCarthy, and S.A. Glantz. 2006. German Tobacco Industry’s Successful Efforts to Maintain Scientific and Political Respectability to Prevent Regulation of Second Hand Smoke. Tobacco Control 15: 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boseley, S. 2017. Inside the Murky World of Nairobi’s Smoking Zones. The Guardian, July 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • British American Tobacco Kenya. 2016. 2015 Annual Report. http://www.batkenya.com/group/sites/BAT_B4ALXZ.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DOB4AMEG. Accessed 2 Apr 2019.

  • ———. 2017. 2016 Annual Report. http://www.batkenya.com/group/sites/BAT_B4ALXZ.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DOB4AMEG. Accessed 2 Apr 2019.

  • British American Tobacco Ltd v Cabinet Secretary for the Ministry of Health and 5 others. 2017. eKLR 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • British American Tobacco Records. 2016. ITGA. International Tobacco Growers’ Association. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/rgxl0204.28

  • Carpenter, C.M., G.F. Wayne, and G.N. Connolly. 2007. The Role of Sensory Perception in the Development and Targeting of Tobacco Products. Addiction 102: 136–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018. Health Effects of Second-Hand Smoke. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/health_effects/index.htm. Accessed 23 Oct 2018.

  • Chapman, S. 2014. Advocacy in Action: Extreme Corporate Makeover Interruptus: De-Normalising Tobacco Industry Corporate Schmoozing. Tobacco Control 13: 445–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J.E., et al. 1999. Institutional Addiction to Tobacco. Tobacco Control 8: 70–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dearlove, J.V., S.A. Bialous, and S.A. Glantz. 2002. Tobacco Industry Manipulation of the Hospitality Industry to Maintain Smoking in Public Places. Tobacco Control 11: 94–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2010. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioural Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta: Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. The Health Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drope, J., and S. Chapman. 2001. Tobacco Industry Efforts at Discrediting Scientific Knowledge of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: A Review of Internal Industry Documents. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 55: 588–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garne, D., M. Watson, and S. Chapman. 2005. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Research Published in the Journal Indoor and Built Environment and Associations with the Tobacco Industry. Lancet 365: 804–809.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Givel, M.S., and S.A. Glantz. 2001. Tobacco Lobby Political Influence on US State Legislatures in the 1990s. Tobacco Control 10: 124–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gostin, L., and L. Wiley. 2016. Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint. 3rd ed. Oakland: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, R. 1992. Development of a Housing Project in Order to Fulfil a Long Standing Commitment to Government and Workforce the Project Will Break Even. British American Tobacco Records, January 8. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/qtfg0198. Accessed 23 Oct 2018.

  • Health Act. 2017. Kenya. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/HealthActNo.21of2017.pdf

  • Hirschhorn, N. 2000. Shameful Science: Four Decades of the German Tobacco Industry’s Hidden Research on Smoking and Health. Tobacco Control 9: 242–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Tobacco Industry: Hope or Hype? Tobacco Control 13: 447–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschhorn, N., S.A. Bialous, and S. Shatenstein. 2006. The Philip Morris External Research Program: Results from the First Round of Projects. Tobacco Control 15: 267–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschhorn, N., and WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. 2005a. The Tobacco Industry Documents: What They Are, What They Tell Us, and How to Search Them. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43153. Accessed 2 Apr 2019.

  • ———. 2005b. Impact of Tobacco Use on Women’s Health. http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/gender/en_tfi_gender_women_impact_tobacco_use_women_health.pdf. Accessed 23 Oct 2018.

  • International Institute for Legislative Affairs (IILA). 2010. Turning Off the ‘TAPS’: Strategies to Control Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship in Kenya. http://ilakenya.org/turning-off-the-taps-strategies-to-control-tobacco-advertising-promotion-and-sponsorship-in-kenya/. Accessed 2 April 2019.

  • ———. 2011. Economics of Tobacco Taxation in Kenya. Nairobi: IILA. ilakenya.org/wp-content/.../Economics-of-Tobacco-Taxation-in-Kenya-ILA-2011.pdf

  • ———. 2013. Tobacco Industry Interference in Kenya: Exposing the Tactics. Nairobi: Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation: International Institute for Legislative Affairs. ilakenya.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ti_interference_in_Kenya.pdf

  • International Organization for Standardization. 2010. ISO 26000- Social responsibility. https://www.iso.org/iso-26000-social-responsibility.html. Accessed 23 Nov 2018.

  • ITC Kenya National Report Findings from the Wave 1. 2012. The International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project. In: ITC Kenya. http://www.itcproject.org/files/ITC_Kenya_Wave_1_NR_Nov30-FINAL-web[1].pdf

  • Kariuki, J. 2018. 700 Million Fake Cigarettes Sold Locally as State Pledges to Tackle Vice. Business Daily, April 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenya Association of Physicians. 2000. Summary Report on Visit to the BAT UK. British American Tobacco Records, June 5. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/pxxn0197

  • Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2011a. Customs and Excise Figures. Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011b. Statistical Abstract. Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Global Adult Tobacco Survey Fact Sheet. Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. Statistical Abstract. Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenya Tobacco Control Alliance (KETCA). 2019. http://ketca.org/programs/. Accessed 2 April 2019.

  • Kilonzo, E. 2015. Price Controls Fail to Affects Smoking Cessation Due to Weak Implementation. Daily Nation, May 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landman, A., P.M. Ling, and S.A. Glantz. 2002. Tobacco Industry Youth Smoking Prevention Programs: Protecting the Industry and Hurting Tobacco Control. American Journal of Public Health 92: 917–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K., and S.A. Bialous. 2006. Corporate Social Responsibility: Serious Cause for Concern. Tobacco Control 15: 419.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magut, A. 2018. Most Nairobi Retailers Selling Cigarettes Illegally. Daily Nation, April 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mears, B. 2012. Tobacco Companies Ordered to Publicly Admit Deception on Smoking Dangers. CNN, November 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, D., and C. Monforton. 2005. Manufacturing Uncertainty: Contested Science and the Protection of the Public’s Health and Environment. American Journal of Public Health 95 (Suppl 1): 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health (MoH). 2014. 2013 Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilisation Survey. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. The National Protocol for Treatment of Substance Use Disorders in Kenya. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchangi, J. 2017. Free Medical Aid for Smokers Who Are Trying to Quit. The Star, June 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musau, K.J. 2014. Compliance with the Tobacco Control Act, 2007 in Kenya: The Role of The Tobacco Control Board. Master of Public Administration Thesis, University of Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwai, D.N. 2014. Non-communicable Diseases in Kenya: Economic Effects and Risk Factors. PhD Thesis, University of Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nargis, N., et al. 2015. Cigarette Taxation in Kenya at the Crossroads: Evidence and Policy Implications. The International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project 8. Waterloo, ON: University of Waterloo.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2011. Second Hand Smoke May Increase Vulnerability to Nicotine Addiction. Science Daily.

    Google Scholar 

  • News Report. 2017. http://www.health.go.ke/2017/05/tobacco-use-leading-cause-of-preventable-death/. Accessed 23 Oct 2018.

  • Ogutu, K. 2017. The British American Tobacco Kenya Crowned Employer of the Year. The Standard, May 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoli, C.T., T. Kelly, and E.J. Hahn. 2007. Second Hand Smoke and Nicotine Exposure: A Brief Review. Addictive Behaviours 32 (10): 1977–1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, E., and S. Glantz. 2000. Tobacco Industry Efforts Subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer’s Second-Hand Smoke Study. Lancet 355: 1253–1259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opukah, S. 1998. Proposed Legislation. British American Tobacco Records, September 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otieno, B. 2017. Kenya Bans ‘Shisha’ Water-Pipe Tobacco Smoking. Business Daily, December 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, P, J. Collin, and A.B. Gilmore. 2007. The Law Was Actually Drafted by Us But the Government Is to Be Congratulated on Its Wise Actions. British American Tobacco and Public Policy in Kenya 16 (e1-e1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, H., and F. Chalpouka 2002. Economics of Tobacco Control. International Tobacco Evidence Network. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239930471_Economics_of_Tobacco_Control

  • Saloojee, Y., and E. Dagli. 2000. Tobacco Industry Tactics for Resisting Public Policy on Health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78: 902–910.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Samet, J.M., and T.A. Burke. 2001. Turning Science into Junk: The Tobacco Industry and Passive Smoking. American Journal of Public Health 91: 1742–1744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schick, S.F., and S.A. Glantz. 2007. Old Ways, New Means: Tobacco Industry Funding of Academic and Private Sector Scientists Since the Master Settlement Agreement. Tobacco Control 16: 157–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. 2007. ‘It’s Interesting How Few People Die from Smoking’: Tobacco Industry Efforts to Minimize Risk and Discredit Health Promotion. European Journal of Public Health 17: 162–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tesler, L.E., and R.E. Malone. 2008. Corporate Philanthropy, Lobbying, and Public Health Policy. American Journal of Public Health 98 (12): 2123–2133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The African Business Fortune. 2016. Counterfeit Cigarettes Strangle BAT-Kenya Revenues. The African Business Fortune Magazine, November 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Excise Duty Act. 2015. Kenya. http://kenyalaw.org/lex/rest//db/kenyalex/Kenya/Legislation/English/Acts%20and%20Regulations/E/Excise%20Duty%20Act%20-%20No.%2023%20of%202015/docs/ExciseDutyAct23of2015.pdf

  • The International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC). 2015. ITC Kenya National Report Findings from the Wave 1 (2012) Survey. https://www.itcproject.org/resources/view/2195. Accessed 2 April 2019.

  • Thornhill, C. 2008. Smoker’s Children Become Addicted to Nicotine Through Passive Smoking. Mail Online, October 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobacco Control Act. 2007. Kenya. http://kenyalaw.org/lex/rest//db/kenyalex/Kenya/Legislation/English/Acts%20and%20Regulations/T/Tobacco%20Control%20Act%20Cap.%20245A%20-%20No.%204%20of%202007/docs/TobaccoControlAct4of2007.pdf

  • Tobacco Industry Documents Research in Africa (CTCA). 2017. Smoking Out Lies: Documents Research on Tobacco Industry Interference in Kenya (Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa). http://www.tidocafrica.org/resources. Accessed 2 April 2019.

  • University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Centre for Knowledge Management of the United States. Industry Documents Library. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu. Accessed 23 Oct 2018.

  • Waithaka, M.C. 2014. Effects of Tobacco Control Act (2007) on the Marketing of Cigarettes and Tobacco Products: A Case Study of British American Tobacco (K) LTD. Master of Art in Sociology Thesis, University of Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wander, N., and R.E. Malone. 2006. Making Big Tobacco Give in: You Lose, They Win. American Journal of Public Health 96: 2048–2054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watiri, G. 2014. Health Care Providers’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Smoking Cessation Interventions in Public Health Facilities in Kiambu County, Kenya. MPH Thesis, University of Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 2003. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/fctc/en/

  • ———. 2004. Tobacco Industry and Corporate Responsibility: An Inherent Contradiction. Geneva: World Health Organization. www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/tob-industry.pdf

  • ———. 2008. Tobacco Industry Interference with Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: 10 Years of Implementation in the African Region. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255874/9789241512824-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 23 Oct 2018.

  • Yach, D., and S. Bialous. 2001. Junking Science to Promote Tobacco. American Journal of Public Health 91: 1745–1748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jane Wathuta .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ouma, S., Wathuta, J. (2019). Curbing Tobacco Addiction in Kenya: Ethical and Legal Challenges Arising. In: Ndasauka, Y., Kayange, G. (eds) Addiction in South and East Africa . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13593-5_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics