Abstract
This chapter builds the case for incorporating more humor into early childhood education (ECE). The importance of play for young children’s learning has long been recognized, but the relevance of humor (a unique form of mental play that is every child’s biological heritage) in children’s education has been neglected for just as long. ECE teachers have generally failed to take advantage of the built-in pleasure children experience in distorting their understanding of the world as a tool for supporting the education process. The positive emotion generally associated with play is emphasized here as a crucial ingredient in optimizing young children’s learning. Humor adds one more source of positive emotion to classroom learning. The varying ways in which humor supports young children’s learning and development are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Albrecht, K., & Miller, L. (2000). The comprehensive toddler curriculum: A complete interactive curriculum for toddlers from 18 to 36 months. Beltsville, MD: Gryphon House.
Ashby, F. G., & Isen, A. M. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529.
Aspenwall, L. (1998). Rethinking the role of positive affect in self-regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 22(1), 1–32.
Badli, T. S.-Z. T., & Dzulkifli, M. A. (2013). The effect of humour and mood on memory recall. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 97, 252–257.
Banas, J. A., Dunbar, N., Rodriguez, & Liu, S.-J. (2011). A review of humor in educational settings: Four decades of research. Communication Education, 60(1), 115–144.
Bartolo, A., Benuzzi, F., Nocetti, L., Baraldi, P., & Nichelli, P. (2006). Humor comprehension and appreciation: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(11), 11789–11798.
Berlyne, D. E. (1970). Novelty, complexity and hedonic value. Attention, Perception and Psychophysics, 8(5), 279–286.
Berlyne, D. E. (1972). Humor and its kin. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues. New York, NY: Academic.
Bieg, S., Grassinger, R., & Dresel, M. (2017). Humor as a magic bullet? Associations of different teacher types with student emotions. Learning and Individual Differences, 56, 24–33.
Bierman, K. L., Torres, M. M., Domitrovich, C. E., Welsh, J. A., & Gest, S. D. (2009). Behavioral and cognitive readiness for school: Cross-domain associations for children attending Head Start. Social Development, 18, 305–323.
Brown, E. L. (2011). Emotion matters: Exploring the emotional labor of teaching. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1983). Humor and audiovisual fireworks in educational television: Effects on learning. Unpublished manuscript cited (p. 183) by Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1983). Uses and effects of humor in educational ventures. In P. E. McGhee, & J. H. G Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research. Vol. II: Applied studies (pp. 173–193). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1989). Using humor to promote learning in the classroom. In P. E. McGhee (Ed.), Humor and children’s development: A guide to practical applications. New York, NY: Haworth Press. [Published separately as a special issue of Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 20(1 & 2), 1988].
Bryant, J., Zillmann, D., Wolf, M. A., Reardon, K. R. (1983). Learning from educational television as a function of differently paced humor: Further evidence. Unpublished manuscript cited (p. 182) by Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1983). Uses and effects of humor in educational ventures. In P. E. McGhee, & J. H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research. Vol. II: Applied studies (pp. 173–193). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Cantor, J., & Reilly, S. (1979). Jocular language style and relevant humor in educational messages. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Humor, Los Angeles.
Casey, A. M., & McWilliam, R. A. (2007). The STARE: The scale for teachers’ assessment of routines engagement. Young Exceptional Children, 11(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/109625060701100101
Cattell, R. B. (1931). The assessment of teaching ability. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1, 48–71.
Chapman, A. J., & Crompton, P. (1978). Humorous presentations of material and presentations of humorous material: A review of the humor and memory literature and two experimental studies. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. M. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. London, UK: Academic.
Davies, A. P., & Apter, M. J. (1980). Humor and its effects of learning in children. In P. E. McGhee & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Children’s humour. New York, NY: Wiley.
Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. (2007). The socialization of emotional competence. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 614–637). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Zinsser, K. (2012). Early childhood teachers as socializers of young children’s emotional competence. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40(3), 137–143.
Dresel, M., Bieg, S., Fasching, M. S., Steur, G., Nitsche, S., & Dickhauser, O. (2014). Teacher humor in the perception of students: Discrimination from teacher enthusiasms and associations with perceived instructional quality. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 1, 56–74.
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241.
Ersay, E. (2007). Preschool teachers’ emotional experience traits, awareness of their own emotions and their emotional socialization practices. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest Information and Learning.
Esseily, R., Rat-Fischer, L., Somogyi, E., O’Regan, K. J., & Fagard, J. (2016). Humour production may enhance observational learning of a new tool-use action in 18-month-old infants. Cognition and Emotion, 30(4), 817–825.
Ezell, H. K., & Jarcynka, M. A. (1996). An intervention for understanding children’s understanding of jokes and riddles. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 12, 148–163.
Fagard, J., Rat-Fischer, L., Esseily, R., Somogyi, E., & O’Regan, J. K. (2016). What does it take for an infant to learn how to use a tool by observation? Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00267
Feitelson, D., & Ross, G. (1973). The neglected factor-play. Human Development, 16, 202–223.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 313–332.
Frenzel, A. C., Goetz, T., Ludtke, O., Pekrun, R., & Sutton, R. E. (2009). Emotional transmission in the classroom: Exploring the relationship between teacher and student enjoyment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 705–716.
Frymier, A. B. (1994). A model of immediacy in the classroom. Communication Quarterly, 41, 454–464.
Gallagher, K. (2005). Brain research and early child development: A primer for developmentally appropriate practice. Young Children, 60(4), 12–20.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Grayson, J. L., & Alvarez, H. K. (2008). School climate factors relating to teacher burnout: A mediator model. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1349–1363.
Hagenauer, G., & Hascher, T. (2014). Learning enjoyment in early adolescence. Education Research and Evaluation., 16(6), 495–516.
Hauck, W. E., & Thomas, J. W. (1972). The relationship of humor to intelligence, creativity, and intentional and incidental learning. Journal of Experimental Education, 40(4), 52–55.
Hoicka, E., & Akhtar, N. (2011). Preschoolers joke with jokers, but correct foreigners. Developmental Science, 14, 848–858.
Hoicka, E., & Gattis, M. (2008). Do the wrong thing: How toddlers tell a joke from a mistake. Cognitive Development, 23, 180–190.
Hoicka, E., & Martin, C. (2016). Two-year-olds distinguish pretending and joking. Child Development, 87, 916–928.
Hoicka, E., Jutsam, S., & Gattis, M. (2008). Humor, abstraction and disbelief. Cognitive Science, 32, 985–1002.
Hoicka, E., Butcher, J., Malla, F., & Harris, P. S. (2017). Humor and preschoolers’ trust: Sensitivity to changing intentions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 154, 113–130.
Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Grasping the intentions of others with one’s own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biology, 3(3), e79.
Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1206–1217.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122–1131.
Jeon, L., Hur, E., & Buettner, C. K. (2016). Child-care chaos and teachers’ responsiveness: The indirect associations through teachers’ emotion regulation and coping. Journal of School Psychology, 59, 83–96.
Jepma, M., Verdonschot, R. G., van Steenbergen, H., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2012). Neural mechanisms underlying the induction and relief of perceptual curiosity. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(5), 1–9.
Jepson, E., & Forrest, S. (2006). Individual contributory factors in teacher stress: The role of achievement striving and occupational commitment. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(1), 183–197.
Johnson, S., Cooper, C., Cartwright, S., Donald, I., Taylor, P., & Millet, C. (2005). The experience of work-related stress across occupations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(2), 178–187.
Kelly, D. H., & Gorham, J. (1988). Effects of immediacy on recall of information. Communication Education, 37, 198–207.
Koenig, M. A. (2012). Beyond semantic accuracy: Preschoolers evaluate a speaker’s reasons. Child Development, 83, 1051–1063.
Koenig, M. A., & Harris, P. L. (2005). Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers. Child Development, 76, 1261–1277.
Lesser, G. (1974). Children and television: Lessons from sesame street. New York, NY: Random House.
Mashburn, A. J., Hamre, B. K., Downer, J. T., & Pianta, R. C. (2006). Teacher and classroom characteristics associated with teachers’ ratings of prekindergartners’ relationships and behaviors. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 24(4), 367–380.
McGhee, P. E. (1972). On the cognitive origins of incongruity humor: Fantasy assimilation versus reality assimilation. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues. New York, NY: Academic.
McGhee, P. E. (1976). The humour questionnaire: An analysis of humour researchers’ views of appropriate directions for future research. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Humour and Laughter, Cardiff, Wales, July.
McGhee, P. E. (1979). Humor: Its origin and development. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman. 1979.
McGhee, P. E. (1980). Toward the integration of entertainment and educational functions of television: The role of humor. In P. H. Tannenbaum (Ed.), The entertainment functions of television. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1980.
McGhee, P. (2002). Stumble bees and pelephones: How to develop a powerful verbal sense of humor (children’s ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
McGhee, P. (2010a). Humor: The lighter path to resilience and health. Bloomington, IN: Author House.
McGhee, P. (2010b). Humor as survival training for a stressed-out world: The 7 humor habits program. Bloomington, IN: Author House.
McLaughlin, B. (1965). “Intentional” and “incidental” learning in human subjects: The role of instructions to learn and motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 359–376.
Miller, M. S. (1977). What makes superteachers super? Instructor, 48(120), 122.
Miller, E., & Almon, J. (2009). Crisis in kindergarten play: Why children need to play in school. College Park, MD: Alliance for Childhood.
Mobbs, D., Greicius, M. D., Abdel-Azim, E., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2003). Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centers. Neuron, 40, 1041–11048.
Neely, M. N., Black, J. M., & Reiss, A. L. (2012). Neural correlates of humor detection and appreciation in children. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(5), 1784–1790. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4172-11.2012
Pasquini, E. S., Corrivean, K. H., Koenig, M., & Harris, P. L. (2007). Preschoolers monitor the relative accuracy of informants. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1216–1226.
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. (2002). Academic emotions in students’ self-regulated learning and achievement: A program of qualitative and quantitative research. Educational Psychologist, 37(2), 91–105.
Phipps, P. (1997). Multiple intelligences in the early childhood classroom. Columbus, OH: SRA.
Ramsden, S. R., & Hubbard, J. A. (2002). Family expressiveness and parental emotion coaching: Their role in children’s emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(6), 657–667.
Raver, C. C., & Knitzer, J. (2002). Ready to enter: What research tells policymakers about strategies to promote social and emotional school readiness among three- and four-year-olds. Chicago, IL: Harris School of Public Policy Studies. University of Chicago.
Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Pianta, R. C., & Cox, M. J. (2000). Teachers’ judgments of problems in the transition to kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-200600049-1
Roberts, J. C. (2012). Situational interest of fourth grade children in music at school. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington.
Rushton, S. (2011). Neuroscience, early childhood education and play: We are doing it right! Early Childhood Education Journal, 39, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-011-0447-z
Rushton, S., & Juola-Rushton, A. (2008). Classroom learning environment, brain research and the no child left behind initiative: 6 years later. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(1), 89–92.
Rushton, S., Juola-Rushton, A., & Larkin, E. (2009). Neuroscience, play and early childhood education: Connections, implications and assessment. Early Childhood Education Journal, 37(5), 351–361.
Schiller, P., & Phipps, P. (2002). The complete daily curriculum for early childhood. Beltsville, MD: Gryphon House.
Schmidt, S. R., & Williams, A. R. (2001). Memory for humorous cartoons. Memory and Cognition, 29(2), 305–311.
Siekkinen, M., Pakarinen, E., Lerkkanen, M. K., Poikkeus, A. M., Salminen, J., Poskiparta, E., & Nurmi, J. E. (2013). Social competence among 6-year-old children and classroom instructional support and teacher stress. Early Education and Development, 24(6), 877–897.
Somogyi, E., & Esseily, R. (2014). Mimicry enhances observational learning in 16-month-old infants. PLoS One, 9(12), e113695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113695.t003
Sumsion, J., Grieshaber, S., McArdle, F., & Shield, P. (2014). The ‘state of play’ in Australia: Early childhood educators and play-based learning. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 39(3), 4–13.
Takahashi, M., & Inoue, T. (2009). The effects of humor on memory for non-sensical pictures. Acta Psychologica, 132(1), 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.06.001. Epub 2009 Jul 9.
Tang, I. N. Y., To, C. K. S., & Weekes, B. S. (2013). Riddle appreciation and reading comprehension in Cantonese-speaking children. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 44(Oct.), 348–359.
Trentacosta, C. J., & Izard, C. E. (2007). Kindergarten children’s emotion competence as a predictor of their academic competence in first grade. Emotion, 7(1), 77–88.
Vance, C. M. (1976). A comparative study on the use of humor in the design of instruction. Instructional Science, 16, 79–100.
Washlag, J. J., Day, K. D., & Zillmann, D. (1981). Selective exposure to educational television programs as a function of differently paced humorous inserts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 27–32.
Watson, K. K., Matthews, B. J., & Allman, J. M. (2007). Brain activation during sight gags and language-dependent humor. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 314–324.
Weaver, J., Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Effects of humorous distortions on children’s learning from educational television: Further evidence. Communication Education, 37(3), 181–187.
Weeks, S. (2002). Mrs. McNosh hangs up her wash (soft cover ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.
Whitaker, R. C., Becker, B. D., Herman, A. N., Gooze, R. A. (2013). The physical and mental health of Head Start staff. In The Pennsylvania Head Start staff wellness survey, 2012. Preventing Chronic Disease, 10.
Williford, A. P., Whittaker, J. E. V., Vitiello, V. E., & Downer, J. T. (2013). Children’s engagement within the preschool classroom and their development of self-regulation. Early Education and Development, 24, 162–187.
Yang, H., Yang, S., & Isen, A. M. (2013). Positive affect improves working memory: Implications for controlled cognitive processing. Cognition and Emotion, 27(3), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.713325. Epub 2012 Aug 24.
Yuill, N. (1996). A funny thing happened on the way to the classroom: Jokes, riddles, and metalinguistic awareness in understanding and improving poor comprehension in children. In C. Cornoldi & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Reading comprehension difficulties: Process and intervention (pp. 193–200). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Yuill, N. (2007). Visiting joke city: How can talking about jokes foster metalinguistic awareness in poor comprehenders? In D. S. McNamara (Ed.), Reading comprehension strategies: Theories, interventions and technologies (pp. 325–346). New York, NY: Erlbaum.
Yuill, N. (2009). The relation between ambiguity understanding and metalinguistic discussion of joking riddles in good and poor comprehenders: Potential for intervention and possible processes of change. First Language, 29(1), 65–79.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1983). Uses and effects of humor in educational ventures. In P. E. McGhee & J. H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research. Vol. II: Applied studies (pp. 173–193). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Zillmann, D., Williams, B. R., Bryant, J., Boynton, K. R., & Wolf, M. A. (1980). Acquisition of information from educational television programs as a function of differently paced humorous inserts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 170–180.
Zillmann, D., Masland, J. L., Weaver, J. B., Lacey, L. A., Jacobs, N. E., Dow, J. H., … Banker, S. R. (1984). Effects of humorous distortions on children’s learning from educational television. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 802–812.
Zinsser, K. M., Bailey, C., Curby, T. W., Denham, S. A., & Bassett, H. H. (2013). Exploring the predictable classroom: Preschool teacher stress, emotional supportiveness, and students’ social-emotional behavior in private and head start classrooms. National Head Start Association Dialog, 16(2), 90–108.
Zipke, M., Ehri, L. C., & Cairns, H. S. (2009). Using semantic ambiguity instruction to improve third graders’ metalinguistic awareness and reading comprehension: An experimental study. Reading Research Quarterly, 44(3), 300–321.
Ziv, A. (1988). Teaching and learning with humor: Experiment and replication. Journal of Experimental Education, 57, 5–15.
Ziv, A. (1989). Using humor to develop creative thinking. In P. E. McGhee (Ed.), Humor and children’s development: A guide to practical applications. New York, NY: Haworth Press. [Published separately as a special issue of Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 20 (1 & 2), 1988].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McGhee, P. (2019). Humor in the ECE Classroom: A Neglected Form of Play Whose Time Has Come. In: Loizou, E., Recchia, S.L. (eds) Research on Young Children’s Humor. Educating the Young Child, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15202-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15202-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15201-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15202-4
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)