Skip to main content

A Framework for Gamified Electronic Negotiation Training

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Group Decision and Negotiation: Behavior, Models, and Support (GDN 2019)

Abstract

The continual digitalisation of business processes requires individuals nowadays to learn to negotiate electronically. Negotiation trainings frequently use negotiation support systems (NSSs) to facilitate the development of electronic negotiation skills. Current NSSs offer a rich set of support functions but fail to provide constructive feedback to the learners regarding their negotiation performance, i.e., whether they reached a good agreement or how they can improve. To address this gap, the current paper suggests a novel approach for electronic negotiation trainings by including game elements in an NSS, thereby offering feedback and increasing the motivation and engagement of negotiators. The requirements for the design of such a gamified NSS are based on an integrative literature review on the state of electronic negotiation training, motivation theories, and gamification. Finally, we present a new framework for electronic negotiation training offering constructive feedback and motivational incentives as part of the NSS. Both elements are expected to enhance learners’ engagement and improve their learning outcomes when participating in such an electronic negotiation training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lewicki, R.J., Barry, B., Saunders, D.M.: Negotiation, 6. edn., internat. ed. McGraw-Hill, Boston (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lewicki, R.J.: Teaching negotiation and dispute resolution in colleges of business: the state of the practice. Negot. J. 13(3), 253–269 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.1997.tb00131.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Loewenstein, J., Thompson, L.L.: Learning to negotiate: novice and experienced negotiators. In: Thompson, L.L. (ed.) Negotiation Theory and Research, pp. 77–97. Psychology Press, New York (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Melzer, P.: A Conceptual Framework for Personalised Learning: Influence Factors, Design, and Support Potentials. Springer, Heidelberg (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-23095-1

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Schoop, M., Köhne, F., Staskiewicz, D., et al.: The antecedents of renegotiations in practice—an exploratory analysis. Group Decis. Negot. 17(2), 127–139 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-007-9080-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ströbel, M., Weinhardt, C.: The Montreal taxonomy for electronic negotiations. Group Decis. Negot. 12(2), 143–164 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023072922126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Köszegi, S., Kersten, G.: On-line/off-line: joint negotiation teaching in Montreal and Vienna. Group Decis. Negot. 12(4), 337–345 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024879603397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Vetschera, R., Kersten, G., Koeszegi, S.: User assessment of internet-based negotiation support systems: an exploratory study. J. Organ. Comput. Electron. Commer. 16(2), 123–148 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327744joce1602_3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Melzer, P., Reiser, A., Schoop, M.: Learning to negotiate - the tactical negotiation trainer. In: Mattfeld, D.C., Robra-Bissantz, S. (eds.) Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2012: Tagungsband der MKWI 2012, pp. 1847–1858. GITO; Univ.-Bibl, Berlin (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Melzer, P., Schoop, M.: Utilising learning methods in electronic negotiation training. In: Kundisch, D., Suhl., L., Beckmann., L. (eds.) Proceedings of Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik, pp 776–788 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Schoop, M.: Support of complex electronic negotiations. In: Kilgour, D.M., Eden, C. (eds.) Handbook of Group Decision and Negotiation, pp. 409–423. Springer, Dordrecht (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9097-3_24

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Schoop, M., Jertila, A., List, T.: Negoisst: a negotiation support system for electronic business-to-business negotiations in e-commerce. Data Knowl. Eng. 47(3), 371–401 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-023X(03)00065-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Melzer, P., Schoop, M.: The effects of personalised negotiation training on learning and performance in electronic negotiations. Group Decis. Negot. 25(6), 1189–1210 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-016-9481-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Strecker, S., Kersten, G., Kim, J.B., et al.: Electronic negotiation systems: the invite prototype. In: Proceedings of the Collaborative Business MKWI 2006, pp. 315–331. GITO, Potsdam (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kahu, E.R.: Framing student engagement in higher education. Stud. High. Educ. 38(5), 758–773 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.598505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Reschly, A.L., Christenson, S.L.: Jingle, jangle, and conceptual haziness: evolution and future directions of the engagement construct. In: Christenson, S.L., Reschly, A.L., Wylie, C. (eds.) Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, pp. 3–19. Springer, Boston (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., et al.: From game design elements to gamefulness: defining gamification. In: Lugmayr, A., Franssila, H., Safran, C., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference Envisioning Future Media Environments, pp. 9–15. ACM, New York (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sailer, M., Hense, J.U., Mayr, S.K., et al.: How gamification motivates: an experimental study of the effects of specific game design elements on psychological need satisfaction. Comput. Hum. Behav. 69, 371–380 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Buckley, P., Doyle, E.: Gamification and student motivation. Interact. Learn. Environ. 24(6), 1162–1175 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2014.964263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Seaborn, K., Fels, D.I.: Gamification in theory and action: a survey. Int. J. Hum Comput Stud. 74, 14–31 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Dicheva, D., Dichev, C., Agre, G., et al.: Gamification in education: a systematic mapping study. J. Educ. Technol. Soc. 18(3), 75–88 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., Sarsa, H.: Does gamification work? – A literature review of empirical studies on gamification. In: Proceedings of the 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 2014, pp. 3025–3034 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Majuri, J., Koivisto, J., Hamari, J.: Gamification of education and learning: a review of empirical literature. In: Koivisto, J., Hamari, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International GamiFIN Conference, pp. 11–19 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gettinger, J., et al.: Impact of and interaction between behavioral and economic decision support in electronic negotiations. In: Hernández, J.E., Zarate, P., Dargam, F., Delibašić, B., Liu, S., Ribeiro, R. (eds.) EWG-DSS 2011. LNBIP, vol. 121, pp. 151–165. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32191-7_11

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Morschheuser, B., Hassan, L., Werder, K., et al.: How to design gamification? A method for engineering gamified software. Inf. Softw. Technol. 95, 219–237 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2017.10.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hevner, A.R., March, S.T., Park, J., et al.: Design science in information systems research. MIS Q. 28(1), 75–105 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Baskerville, R., Pries-Heje, J.: Explanatory design theory. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 2(5), 271–282 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-010-0118-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Torraco, R.J.: Writing integrative literature reviews: guidelines and examples. Hum. Resour. Dev. Rev. 4(3), 356–367 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Torraco, R.J.: Writing integrative literature reviews: using the past and present to explore the future. Hum. Resour. Dev. Rev. 15(4), 404–428 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316671606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kolb, D.A.: Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Melzer, P., Schoop, M.: A conceptual framework for task and tool personalisation in IS education. In: Leidner, D., Ross, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirty Sixth International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2015), IS Curriculum and Education, Paper 6 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Melzer, P., Schoop, M.: Personalising the IS Classroom – Insights on Course Design and Implementation. In: Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), pp. 1391–1405 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L.: Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: classic definitions and new directions. Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 25(1), 54–67 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L.: Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am. Psychol. 55(1), 68–78 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M.: Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: an overview of self-determination theory. In: Ryan, R.M. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, pp. 85–107. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Deci, E.L., Koestner, R., Ryan, R.M.: Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation in education: reconsidered once again. Rev. Educ. Res. 71(1), 1–27 (2001). https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543071001001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Nakamura, J., Csikszentmihalyi, M.: The concept of flow. In: Snyder, C.R. (ed.) Handbook of Positive Psychology, pp. 89–105. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chen, J.: Flow in games (and everything else). Commun. ACM 50(4), 31–34 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1145/1232743.1232769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kim, S., Song, K., Lockee, B., et al.: Gamification in Learning and Education: Enjoy Learning Like Gaming. Advances in Game-Based Learning. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47283-6

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. Sweetser, P., Wyeth, P.: GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games. ACM Comput. Entertain. 3(3), 3 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1145/1077246.1077253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Jackson, S.A.: Flow. In: Ryan, R.M. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, pp. 127–140. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Anderman, E.M., Patrick, H.: Achievement goal theory, conceptualization of ability/intelligence, and classroom climate. In: Christenson, S.L., Reschly, A.L., Wylie, C. (eds.) Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, pp. 173–191. Springer, Boston (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  43. Locke, E.A., Latham, G.P.: Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: a 35-year odyssey. Am. Psychol. 57(9), 705–717 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Murayama, K., Elliot, A.J., Friedman, R.: Achievement goals. In: Ryan, R.M. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, pp. 191–207. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Gist, M.E., Stevens, C.K.: Effects of practice conditions and supplemental training method on cognitive learning and interpersonal skill generalization. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 75(2), 142–169 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Bereby-Meyer, Y., Moran, S., Unger-Aviram, E.: When performance goals deter performance: transfer of skills in integrative negotiations. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 93(2), 142–154 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2003.11.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Braun, P., et al.: E-negotiation systems and software agents: methods, models, and applications. In: Gupta, J.N.D., Forgionne, G.A., Mora-Tavarez, M. (eds.) Intelligent Decision-making Support Systems, pp. 271–300. Springer, London (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-231-4_15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  48. Kersten, G.E.: Support for group decisions and negotiations: an overview. In: Clímaco, J. (ed.) Multicriteria Analysis, pp. 332–346. Springer, Heidelberg (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60667-0_32

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  49. Gulliver, P.H.: Disputes and Negotiations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Studies on Law and Social Control. Academic Press, New York (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Fisher, R., Ury, W., Patton, B.: Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Houghton Mifflin, Boston (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Schmid, A., Schoop, M.: Inherent Game Characteristics of Electronic Negotiations. In: UK Academy of Information Systems Proceedings (UKAIS 2018) (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Druckman, D., Filzmoser, M., Gettinger, J., et al.: 2.02 GeNerationS - avenues for the next generation of pro-active negotiation support. In: Proceedings of Group Decision and Negotiation Conference, vol. I, pp. 82–84 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Blohm, I., Leimeister, J.M.: Gamification: Design of IT-based enhancing services for motivational support and behavioral change. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 5(4), 275–278 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-013-0273-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Raiffa, H.: Post-settlement settlements. Negot. J. 1(1), 9–12 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.1985.tb00286.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Block, C., Gimpel, H., Kersten, G., et al.: Reasons for rejecting pareto-improvements in negotiations. In: Seifert, S., Weinhardt, C., (eds) Proceedings of Group Decision and Negotiation Conference. Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, pp. 243–246 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Gettinger, J., Filzmoser, M., Koeszegi, S.T.: Why can’t we settle again? Analysis of factors that influence agreement prospects in the post-settlement phase. J. Bus. Econ. 86(4), 413–440 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-016-0809-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Fishbach, A., Eyal, T., Finkelstein, S.R.: How positive and negative feedback motivate goal pursuit. Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass 4(8), 517–530 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00285.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Lee, J.J., Hammer, J.: Gamification in education: what, how, why bother? Acad. Exch. Q. 15(2), 146–151 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Bazerman, M.H., Magliozzi, T., Neale, M.A.: Integrative bargaining in a competitive market. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 35(3), 294–313 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(85)90026-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Thompson, L.: The influence of experience on negotiation performance. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 26(6), 528–544 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90054-P

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Buckley, P., Doyle, E., Doyle, S.: Game on! Students’ perception of gamified learning. J. Educ. Technol. Soc. 20(3), 1–10 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Deterding, S.: The lens of intrinsic skill atoms: a method for gameful design. Hum. Comput. Interact. 30(3–4), 294–335 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2014.993471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Mekler, E.D., Brühlmann, F., Tuch, A.N., et al.: Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 71, 525–534 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Tripp, T.M., Sondak, H.: An evaluation of dependent variables in experimental negotiation studies: impasse rates and pareto efficiency. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 51(2), 273–295 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(92)90014-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Sailer, M., Hense, J., Mandl, H., et al.: Psychological perspectives on motivation through gamification. Interact. Des. Archit. J. 19, 28–37 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Deci, E.L., Koestner, R., Ryan, R.M.: A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychol. Bull. 125(6), 627–668 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Buckley, P., Doyle, E.: Individualising gamification: an investigation of the impact of learning styles and personality traits on the efficacy of gamification using a prediction market. Comput. Educ. 106, 43–55 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Venable, J., Pries-Heje, J., Baskerville, R.: FEDS: a framework for evaluation in design science research. Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 25(1), 77–89 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2014.36

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Faculty of Business, Economics, and Social Sciences at the University of Hohenheim within the research area “Negotiation Research - Transformation, Technology, Media, and Costs”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andreas Schmid .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Schmid, A., Schoop, M. (2019). A Framework for Gamified Electronic Negotiation Training. In: Morais, D., Carreras, A., de Almeida, A., Vetschera, R. (eds) Group Decision and Negotiation: Behavior, Models, and Support. GDN 2019. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 351. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21711-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21711-2_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21710-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-21711-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics