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Conquest of Frontiers

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Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century

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Abstract

The Atlantic world from its inception was about pushing back the frontiers to the unknown. Initially European explorers made their way down the African coast, across the Atlantic, and eventually into the interior of the Americas. Exploration was a key aspect of the advancing frontiers. Shortly after the explorers came the settlers.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Frederick J. Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1921), 39.

  2. 2.

    For leading studies on the West in the United States, see Particia N. Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006); Robert M. Utley, The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846–1890 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984); Richard White, “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own”: A New History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).

  3. 3.

    James O. Gump, The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994); Bruce Vandervort, Indian Wars of Mexico, Canada and the United States, 1812–1900 (New York: Routledge, 2006).

  4. 4.

    Alistair Hennessy, The Frontier in Latin American History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978), 3, 9–27; David Maybury-Lewis, Theodore Macdonald, and Biorn Maybury-Lewis, eds., Manifest Destinies and Indigenous Peoples (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, 2009).

  5. 5.

    Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 236–238.

  6. 6.

    Thomas Jefferson to Meriwether Lewis, June 20, 1803, Meriwether Lewis, July 27, 1805, in The Journals of Lewis and Clark, ed. Bernard De Voto (Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin, 1953), 168–169, 481–487.

  7. 7.

    John C. Frémont, Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Longmans Green, 1956), 243.

  8. 8.

    Even so dated, a good start on the subject is William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West, 1803–1863 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959); a newer account exists in Frank N. Schubert, The Nation Builders: A Sesquicentennial History of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, 1838–1863 (Fort Belvoir, VA: Office of History, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1988).

  9. 9.

    Frank T. Kryza, The Race for Timbuktu: In Search of Africa’s City of Gold (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 47, 50–57, 209, 229–238.

  10. 10.

    Ibid., 256–257.

  11. 11.

    Andrew C. Ross, David Livingstone: Mission and Empire (London, UK: Hambledon, 2002), 16–18, 79–108, 125–150; Tim Jeal, Livingstone (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 34–35, 89–159.

  12. 12.

    Tim Jeal, Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer (London, UK: Faber and Faber, 2007), 31–34, 46–48, 69–70, 91–100.

  13. 13.

    For works on Humboldt and Darwin’s work in the Atlantic world, see Myron Echenberg, Humboldt’s Mexico: In the Footsteps of the Illustrious German Scientific Traveller (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press 2017); Jeannette E. Jones and Patrick B. Sharp, Darwin in Atlantic Cultures: Evolutionary Visions of Race, Gender, and Sexuality (New York: Routledge, 2010); Vera M. Kutzinski, Alexander von Humboldt’s Transatlantic Personae (New York: Routledge, 2012); Aaron Sachs, The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism (New York: Viking, 2006); Laura D. Walls, The Passage to Cosmos: Alexander von Humboldt and the Shaping of America (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 2009).

  14. 14.

    Annemarie Seiler-Baldinger, “Basels Beitrag zur Kenntnis Lateinamerikas, 1493–1930,” Société Suisse des Américanistes / Schweizerische Amerikanisten-Gesellschaft Bulletin 66–67 (2002–2003), 171; David P. Werlich, Admiral of the Amazon: John Randolph Tucker, His Confederate Colleagues, and Peru (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990), 88, 143–145.

  15. 15.

    Seiler-Baldinger, “Basels Beitrag zur Kenntnis Lateinamerikas,” 171; Werlich, Admiral of the Amazon, 144.

  16. 16.

    Aureliano Cândido Tavares Bastos, O Valle do Amazonas (Sao Paulo, Brazil: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1937), 196, 200, 211–212.

  17. 17.

    John W. Powell, Report on the Land of the Arid Region of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1879), vii, 1–2, 10.

  18. 18.

    Richard E. Bennett, We’ll Find the Place: The Mormon Exodus, 1846–1848 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 2–3, 11–12, 21, 24.

  19. 19.

    Bennett, We’ll Find the Place, 83–88, 172–174, 182–184, 189–196, 218–220; David L. Bigler and Will Bagley, The Mormon Rebellion: America’s First Civil War, 1857–1858 (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2011).

  20. 20.

    Norman Etherington, The Great Treks: The Transformation of Southern Africa, 1815–1854 (Harlow, UK: Pearson, 2001), 45–49, 57–60, 183–191, 203–207, 212–221, 243–262.

  21. 21.

    Ibid., 262–266, 279–282.

  22. 22.

    For some recent studies on the issue, see Robert M. Utley and Wilcomb E. Washburn, Indian Wars (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2002); Elliott West, The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).

  23. 23.

    Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 184–186, 203–205, 211–214.

  24. 24.

    For studies of the Lakota War, see Jerome A. Greene, ed., Lakota and Cheyenne: Indian Views of the Great Sioux War, 1876–1877 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000); Charles M. Robinson, A Good Year to Die: The Story of the Great Sioux War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996).

  25. 25.

    Keith A. Murray, The Modocs and Their War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959); Dan L. Thrapp, The Conquest of Apacheria (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979); Elliott West, The Last Indian War: The Nez Perce Story (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

  26. 26.

    For comparative studies, see Gump, The Dust Rose Like Smoke; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981).

  27. 27.

    Gump, The Dust Rose Like Smoke, 4–7, 13–26, 86–91, 106–109.

  28. 28.

    Robert B. Edgerton, The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War for Africa’s Gold Coast (New York: Free Press, 1995), 71–102.

  29. 29.

    César Bustos-Videla, “The 1879 Conquest of the Argentine ‘Desert’ and Its Religious Aspects,” The Americas 21 (July 1964), 36–57; Alfred Hasbrouck, “The Conquest of the Desert,” Hispanic American Historical Review 15 (May 1935), 195–228; Richard O. Perry, “Warfare on the Pampas in the 1870s,” Military Affairs 36 (April 1972), 52–58; Richard O. Perry, “Argentina and Chile: The Struggle for Patagonia 1843–1881,” The Americas 36 (January 1980), 347–363; Kenneth M. Roth, Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 45.

  30. 30.

    Rosamel Millaman, “The Mapuche and ‘El Compañero Allende’: A Legacy of Social Justice Historical Contradictions, and Cultural Debates,” in The Routledge History of Latin American Culture, ed. Carlos M. Salomon (New York: Routledge, 2018), 205–206; Chris Moss, Patagonia: A Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 155–156.

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  1. Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA, USA

    Niels Eichhorn

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Eichhorn, N. (2019). Conquest of Frontiers. In: Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27640-9_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27640-9_9

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