Skip to main content

International Initiatives in AI

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology

Abstract

In the final chapter we examine how AI is affecting the world’s economies. We review the European Union’s Declaration and its Communication of 2018, its very important General Data Protection Regulation, its draft AI Guidelines, and other Directives and initiatives affecting its member states. We then proceed to a discussion on how the People’s Republic of China is making major advances in AI with its projected expenditures of some $1.6 trillion by the year 2030. We review in depth its New Generation Artificial Development Plan AI. We then examine how the Middle East and Latin America are attempting to incorporate AI into their economies. Lastly, we examine international conventions and declarations, in particular the ASILOMAR AI Principles and future trends coupled with a discussion of consciousness as it applies to AI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    European Union, EU Member States sign up to cooperate on Artificial Intelligence (April 10, 2018), https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-member-states-sign-cooperate-artificial-intelligence.

  2. 2.

    European Union, Coordinated plan on AI to boost development in Europe (Dec. 10, 2018), https://www.governmenteuropa.eu/coordinated-plan-on-ai-development/91451/.

  3. 3.

    European Union, Questions and Answers: coordinated plan for Artificial Intelligence made in Europe (Dec. 7, 2018), http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-18-6690_en.htm.

  4. 4.

    European Union, High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/high-level-expert-group-artificial-intelligence.

  5. 5.

    An E.U. Communication is one issued by the Commission’s Directorate-General for Communication, whose duties include making the public aware of E.U.’s political priorities and developments, act as spokesperson for the Commission, interact with other E.U. institutions, and inform the Commission of public opinion. European Commission, Communication, https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/communication_en.

  6. 6.

    European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social committee and the Committee of the Regions: Artificial Intelligence, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/news/artificial-intelligence-2018-dec-07_en.

  7. 7.

    Id.

  8. 8.

    European Commission, New Skills Agenda for Europe, http://ec.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:5201DC0381.

  9. 9.

    European Commission, Digital Education Action Plan, https://ec.europa.eu/education/sites/education/files/digital-education-action-action-plan.pdf.

  10. 10.

    European Commission, Digital Opportunity Traineeships, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/digital-opportunity-traineeships-boosting-digital-skills-job.

  11. 11.

    Id.

  12. 12.

    European Union, Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. https://eur-lex.europa.en/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31995L0046.

  13. 13.

    European Union, General Data Protection Plan, Regulation (EU) 2016/679 protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data, https://eur-lex.europa.en/eli/reg/2016/679/oj.

  14. 14.

    EUR-Lex, Summaries of EU Legislation, https://eur-lex.europa.en/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISUM:310401_2.

  15. 15.

    David Meyer, AI Has a Big Privacy Problem and Europe’s New Data Protection Law Is About to Expose It, Fortune (May 25, 2018), http://fortune.com/2018/05/25/ai-machine-learning-privacy-gdpr/.

  16. 16.

    European Union, AI Policy – European Union, https://futureoflife.org/ai-policy-european-union/.

  17. 17.

    The Recommendations may be found at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A8-2017-0005+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN.

  18. 18.

    Id. at 5.

  19. 19.

    Id. at 7–8.

  20. 20.

    Id. at 9–11.

  21. 21.

    European Commission, European Robotics Forum 2019, Horizon 2020, https://www.h2020.md/en/european-robotics-forum-2019.

  22. 22.

    Robohub, European Robotics Forum 2018: Over 900 roboticists meet in Tampere, Finland, https://robohub.org/european-robotics-forum-2018-over-900-roboticists-meet-in-tampere-finland/.

  23. 23.

    SPARC, Robotics in Europe – Why is Robotics Important?, https://www.eu-robotics.net/sparc/about/robotics-in-europe/index.html.

  24. 24.

    European Commission Digital Single Market, Have your say: European expert group seeks feedback on draft ethics guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence, DIGIBYTE (Dec. 18, 2018), https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/have-your-say-european-expert-group-seeks-feedback-draft-ethics-guidelines-trustworthy.

  25. 25.

    Eur. Comm’n High-Level Group on Artificial Intelligence, Draft Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI (Dec. 18, 2018), https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/ai_hleg_draft_ethics_guidelines_18_december.pdf.

  26. 26.

    Id. at 4.

  27. 27.

    Id. at 8–10.

  28. 28.

    Id. at 1–2.

  29. 29.

    Id. at 14–18.

  30. 30.

    Id. at 19–21.

  31. 31.

    Id. at 21–23.

  32. 32.

    Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations, and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:31985L0374.

  33. 33.

    The Machinery Directive, Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 I, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0042.

  34. 34.

    European Parliament, Algorithmic Awareness Building, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/algorithmic-awareness-building.

  35. 35.

    European Commission, Ethics Horizon 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/ethics.

  36. 36.

    Yuichiro Kanematsu and Manabu Morimoto, EU ethical guidelines to tackle AI’s racial and gender bias, Nikkei Asian Review (Nov. 6, 2018), https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/EU-ethical-guidelines-to-tackle-AI-s-racial-and-gender-bias.

  37. 37.

    Cecile Huet, European Commission’s Initiatives in Artificial Intelligence, https://www.eu-robotics.net/sparc/about/robotics-in-europe/index.html.

  38. 38.

    The Machinery Directive, Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 17, 2006, http://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/european-standards/harmonised-standards/machinery_en.

  39. 39.

    Product Liability Directive 85/374/EEC, of July, 1985, https://osha.europa.eu/en/legislation/directives/council-directive-85-374-eec.

  40. 40.

    European Commission, The European Artificial Intelligence Landscape: Workshop Report, p. 27, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/european-artificial-intelligence-landscape.

  41. 41.

    Id. at 11.

  42. 42.

    Id. at 10–11.

  43. 43.

    Id. at 8–9.

  44. 44.

    Melanie Ehrenkranz, An AI Lie Detector Is Going to Start Questioning Travelers in the EU, GIZMODO (Oct. 31, 2018), https://gizmodo.com/an-ai-lie-detector-is-going-to-start-questioning-travel-1830126881. Airport adoption and controversy is discussed briefly by Tyler Durden, Controversial AI ‘Lie Detectors Coming to EU Airports, Border Crossings, ZEROHEDGE (Nov. 5, 2018), https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2018-11-01/ai-lie-detectors-tests-coming-eu-airports.

  45. 45.

    Id.

  46. 46.

    How Europe can improve the development of AI, THE ECONOMIST (Sept. 22, 2018), https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/22/how-europe-can-improve-the-development-of-ai.

  47. 47.

    European Union, supra, note 660 at 5.

  48. 48.

    Ian Burrows, Made in China 2025: XI Jinping’s plan to turn China into the AI world leader, ABC (Oct. 5, 2018) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-06/china-plans-to-become-ai-world-leader/10332614.

  49. 49.

    Peoples Republic of China, State Council Notice on the Issuance of the Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan, completed July 8, 29017, released on July 20, 2017. The translation of the plan was by Graham Webster, Paul Triolo, Elsa Kania, and Rogier Creemer, Full Translation: China’s ‘New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan’ (2017), https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/full-translation-chinas-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-development-plan-2017/.

  50. 50.

    “Swarm intelligence” is the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligence.

  51. 51.

    Id.

  52. 52.

    Paul Mozur and John Markoff, Is China Outsmarting America in A.I.?, NEW YORK TIMES (May 27, 2017), https://www.bing.com/search?q=paul+mozur+and+john+markoff%2C+is+china+outsmarting+america+in+a.i.%3F%2C+new+york+times+%28may+27%2C+2017%29%2C&form=EDGHPT&qs=PF&cvid=a54d72a889fa456e9d13cabd5b8efe73&cc=US&setlang=en-US&elv=AY3%21uAY7tbNNZGZ2yiGNjfOZNnufoVYZj0krIK2Pedbl4xPe4rz17vQRFMyhQehWUlpw*RBgTKZ73xZfOpyWYogV*DWqPAO8hrUJNjMIH*dA&PC=LCTS.

  53. 53.

    Jeffrey Ding, Deciphering China’s AI Dream: The context, components, capabilities, and consequences of China’s strategy to lead the world in AI, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (March, 2018), https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Deciphering_Chinas_AI-Dream.pdf.

  54. 54.

    Paul Triolo, AI in China: cutting through the hype, EURASIA GROUP (Dec. 6, 2017), https://www.eurasiagroup.net/live-post/ai-in-china-cutting-through-the-hype.

  55. 55.

    Eurasia Group, China embraces AI: A Close Look and A Long View, SINOVATION VENTURES (Dec. 2017), https://www.eurasiagroup.net/files/upload/China_Embraces_AI.pdf.

  56. 56.

    Karen Hao, A US attempt to keep AI out of China’s hands could actually help China, MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (Nov. 21, 2018), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612453/a-us-attempt-to-keep-ai-out-of-chinas-hands-could-actually-help-china/.

  57. 57.

    Dominic Barton, Jonathan Woetzel, Jeongmin Seong, and Qinzheng Tian, Artificial Intelligence: Implications for China, Discussion Paper, MCKINSEY GLOBAL INSTITUTE (April 2017), https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/China/Artificial%20intelligence%20Implications%20for%20China/MGI-Artificial-intelligence-implications-for-China.ashx.

  58. 58.

    James Manyika, 10 imperatives for Europe in the age of AI and automation, MCKINSEY GLOBAL INSTITUTE (Oct. 2017), https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/europe/ten-imperatives-for-europe-in-the-age-of-ai-and-automation.

  59. 59.

    Id.

  60. 60.

    Katherine Koleski, The 13th Five-Year Plan, U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (Feb. 14, 2017), https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/The%2013th%20Five-Year%20Plan_Final_2.14.17_Updated%20%28002%29.pdf.

  61. 61.

    Artificial Intelligence: The Race is on: The Global Policy Response to AI (Feb. 2018), FTI CONSULTING, http://brussels.ftistratcomm.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/02/The-global-policy-response-to-AI-snapshot.pdf.

  62. 62.

    Ralf, China’s plan for dominance in Artificial Intelligence, RUDE BAGUETTE (Oct. 4, 2018), http://www.rudebaguette.com/2018/10/04/chinas-plan-for-domination-in-artificial-intelligence/.

  63. 63.

    PWC [Pricewaterhousecoopers], US $320 billion by 2030? The potential impact of AI in the Middle East, https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/potential-impact-artificial-intelligence-middle-east.html.

  64. 64.

    Amr Elsaadani, Mark Purdy, and Elizabeth Hakuangwi, Pivoting with AI, ACCENTURE CONSULTING, at 5, https://www.accenture.com/t20180509T033323Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-77/Accenture-Impact-AI-GDP-Middle-East.pdf.

  65. 65.

    Noorhan Barakat, RTA and Careem working on driverless electric modular pods, GULF NEWS UAE (Oct. 18, 2016), https://gulfnews.com/uae/transport/rta-and-careem-working-on-driverless-electric-modular-pods-1.1914797.

  66. 66.

    Emmanuel Durou, Deloitte, National Transformation in the Middle East, DELOITTE, at 41–43, https://www2.deloitte.com/xe/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/dtme_tmt_national-transformation-in-the-middleeast-a-digital-journey.html.

  67. 67.

    Artificial intelligence to boost Latin American and Caribbean economies: IDB study, IDB (Aug. 29, 2018), https://www.iadb.org/en/news/artificial-intelligence-boost-latin-american-and-caribbean-economies-idb-study.

  68. 68.

    Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence in Latin America, WORLD WIDE WEB FOUNDATION (Sept. 2018), http://webfoundation.org/docs/2018/09/WF_AI-in-LA_Report_Screen_AW.pdf.

  69. 69.

    Id.

  70. 70.

    Emma Martinho-Truswell and Constanza Gomez Mont, Mexico leads Latin America as one of the first ten countries in the world to launch an official intelligence strategy, OXFORD INSIGHTS (May 24, 2018), https://www.oxfordinsights.com/insights/2018/5/24/mexico-leads-latin-america-as-one-of-the-first-ten-countries-in-the-world-to-launch-an-artificial-intelligence-strategy.

  71. 71.

    Armen Ovanessoff and Eduardo Plastino, How Artificial Intelligence Can Drive South America’s Growth, ACCENTURE (2017), https://www.accenture.com/t20170919T060656Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-49/Accenture-How-Artificial-Intelligence-Can-Drive-South-Americas-Growth.pdf.

  72. 72.

    Wafa Ben-Hassine, New Technologies for a New Tunisia, ATLANTIC COUNCIL (Jan. 28, 2019), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/new-technologies-for-a-new-tunisia.

  73. 73.

    Katrin Sold, The Tunisian Startup Act, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE (June 26, 2018), https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/76685.

  74. 74.

    Artificial Intelligence: Is South Africa Ready?, ACCENTURE, http://www.ee.co.za/article/artificial-intelligence-south-africa-ready.html.

  75. 75.

    Kwasi Gyamfi Asiedu & Commentary, Google is throwing its weight behind artificial intelligence in Africa, QUARTZ AFRICA (June 14, 2018), https://qz.com/africa/1305211/google-is-making-a-big-bet-on-artificial-intelligence-in-africa-with-its-first-research-center/; and Alexander Udu Tsado, A Recipe for AI in Africa, THE JOURNAL BLOG (Aug. 27, 2018), https://blog.usejournal.com/a-recipe-for-ai-in-africa-225abac137b3.

  76. 76.

    AI Expo Africa, http://aiexpoafrica.com.

  77. 77.

    Workshop to launch AI Network of Excellence in sub-Saharan Africa, IDRC (April 3, 2019), https://www.idrc.ca/en/search/gss/canaux%20de%20communication%20more%3Aproject.

  78. 78.

    Here’s what a digitally transformed South Africa could look like in 2026, BUSINESSTECH (Jan. 25, 2019), https://businesstech.co.za/news/technology/295282/heres-what-a-digitally-transformed-south-africa-could-look-like-in-2026/.

  79. 79.

    Akindare Okunola, Artificial Intelligence in Nigeria is An Infant Space With Huge Potential (Aug. 8, 2018), TECHCABAL, https://techcabal.com/2018/08/08/artificial-intelligence-in-nigeria-is-an-infant-space-with-huge-potential/.

  80. 80.

    Clayton Besaw and John Filitz, Artificial Intelligence in Africa is a Double-edged Sword, OUR WORLD (Jan. 16, 2016), https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/ai-in-africa-is-a-double-edged-sword.

  81. 81.

    Max Tegmark, LIFE 3.0: BEING HUMAN IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Vintage Books (2017) at 34–35.

  82. 82.

    Id. at 329–331. An additional source is Future of Life Institute, Asilomar Principles, https://futureoflife.org/ai-principles/.

  83. 83.

    Antonio Regalado, Chinese scientists have put human brain genes in monkeys – and yes, they may be smarter, MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (April 10, 2019), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613277/chinese-scientists-have-put-human-brain-genes-in-monkeysand-yes-they-may-be-smarter/.

  84. 84.

    Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 215, Chapter 206, ACR 215, Kiley. 23 Asilomar AI Principles, filed with the Secretary of State (Sept. 7, 2018), http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180ACR215. For a brief discussion, see Future of Life, State of California Endorses Asilomar Principles (Aug. 31, 2018), https://futureoflife.org/2018/08/31/state-of-california-endorses-asilomar-ai-principles/.

  85. 85.

    About Us, ACCESS NOW, https://www.accessnow.org/about-us/.

  86. 86.

    Preamble, The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the rights to equality and non-discrimination in machine learning systems, Access Now (May 16, 2018), https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/2018/08/The-Toronto-Declaration_ENG_08-2018.pdf.

  87. 87.

    Russell Brandom, New Toronto Declaration calls on algorithms to respect human rights, THE VERGE (May 16, 2018), https://www.theverge.com/The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the rights to equ2018/5/16/17361356/toronto-declaration-machine-learning-algorithmic-discrimination-rightscon, and Human Rights Watch, The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the rights to equality and non-discrimination in machine learning systems, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/03/toronto-declaration-protecting-rights-equality-and-non-discrimination-machine.

  88. 88.

    Many of the cited comments can be found at the following sites: How AI Will Go Out Of Control According To 52 Experts, CBINSIGHTS (Feb. 19, 2019), https://www.cbinsights.com/research/ai-threatens-humanity-expert-quotes/.

  89. 89.

    Louis DelMonte, THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REVOLUTION, 2014.

  90. 90.

    James Barrat, OUR FINAL INVENTION, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE END OF THE HUMAN ERA, 2013.

  91. 91.

    Heather M. Roff, BROOKINGS, https://www.brookings.edu/experts/heather-m-roff/.

  92. 92.

    CBInsights, supra, note 748.

  93. 93.

    Richard Baldwin, THE GLOBOTICS UPHEAVAL: Globalization, Robotics, and the Future of Work, Oxford U. Press (2019). For a review of the book, see Marc Levinson, When the Robot Gets an Office, WALL STREET JOURNAL (March 4, 2019), at A15.

  94. 94.

    Ross Dawson, Best futurists ever: How William Gibson’s Neuromancer shaped our vision of technology, https://rossdawson.com/futurist/best-futurists-ever/william-gibson-neuromancer/.

  95. 95.

    The categories are taken from Philosophy of artificial intelligence, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence.

  96. 96.

    Consciousness, MERRIAM WEBSTER DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consciousness.

  97. 97.

    Seventeenth-Century Theories of Consciousness, STANFORD ENCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-17th/.

  98. 98.

    Artificial Intelligence: The History of AI, STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artificial-intelligence/.

  99. 99.

    John Hatcher, Does Consciousness Exist in the Brain or the Soul?, BAHAITEACHINGS.ORG (May 15, 2017), https://bahaiteachings.org/consciousness-exist-brain-soul.

  100. 100.

    Jim Blackburm, What exactly is a soul?, CATHOLIC ANSWERS (Aug. 4, 2011), https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-exactly-is-a-soul.

  101. 101.

    Nevzat Tarhan, Consciousness, QUESTIONS ON ISLAM, https://questionsonislam.com/article/consciousness#baslik1.

  102. 102.

    A.M. Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, LIX MIND 236 (Oct. 1950), 433–460.

  103. 103.

    Computing Machinery and Intelligence, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence.

  104. 104.

    Daniel C. Dennett, Consciousness in Human and Robot Minds, TUFTS U. (1994), https://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/dennett/papers/concrobt.htm.

  105. 105.

    Ray Kurzweil, HOW TO CREATE A MIND: THE SECRET OF HUMAN THOUGHT REVEALED, Viking, 2012.

  106. 106.

    Id. at 209.

  107. 107.

    Defeasible reasoning is a type of nondemonstrative reasoning which is rationally compelling but does not assure a full, complete, or final demonstration of a claim, but which also acknowledges it may be fallible. Defeasible reasoning, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_reasoning.

  108. 108.

    John McCarthy, The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy, STANFORD U. (June 26, 2006), http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/aiphil2.html.

  109. 109.

    John Searle on Consciousness and the Brain at TEDxCERN (Transcript), THE SINGJU POST (March 20, 2017), https://singjupost.com/john-searle-on-consciousness-and-the-brain-at-tedxcern-transcript/2/.

  110. 110.

    John Searle, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle. For a discussion of the Chinese room test, see John Searle, Minds, Brains, and Programs, BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES 3(3) (March 20, 2017), 417–457, http://cogprints.org/7150/1/10.1.1.83.5248.pdf.

  111. 111.

    Anthony Cuthbertson, Can Machines Be Conscious? Scientists Say Robots Can be Self-Aware, Just Like Human, NEWSWEEK (Nov. 4, 2017), https://www.newsweek.com/can-machines-be-conscious-robots-consciousness-humans-ai-singularity-699436.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Girasa, R. (2020). International Initiatives in AI. In: Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35975-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35975-1_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35974-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35975-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics