Abstract
The conventional adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) arrangement is specifically designed to capture the confocal (directly backscattered) light by placing a physical pinhole conjugate to a chosen layer in the retina. This arrangement can be used to generate high contrast images of the photoreceptor mosaic by limiting the light from other retinal layers, such as the retinal pigment epithelium. However, there is growing demand for the study of different retinal features that has led to the development of different off-axis techniques to collect the non-confocal (multiply scattered) light. In this paper, we replace the physical pinhole of the AOSLO with a reconfigurable aperture to simultaneously collect the directly backscattered light, generating confocal images, as well as the multiply scattered light, generating non-confocal images. The reconfigurable aperture pattern is implemented with a digital micromirror device (DMD) and is optimised based on the information collected from Shack Hartmann wavefront sensor data. We present preliminary experimental results with a human eye to illustrate our findings.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Roorda, A., Romero-Borja, F., Donnelly III, W.J., Queener, H., Hebert, T.J., Campbell, M.C.: Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Opt. Express 10(9), 405–412 (2002)
Zhang, Y., Poonja, S., Roorda, A.: MEMS-based adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Opt. Lett. 31(9), 1268–1270 (2006)
Hammer, D.X., Ferguson, R.D., Bigelow, C.E., Iftimia, N.V., Ustun, T.E., Burns, S.A.: Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope for stabilized retinal imaging. Opt. Express 14(8), 3354–3367 (2006)
Dubra, A., et al.: Noninvasive imaging of the human rod photoreceptor mosaic using a confocal adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope. Biomed. Optics Express 2(7), 1864–1876 (2011)
Burns, S.A., Elsner, A.E., Sapoznik, K.A., Warner, R.L., Gast, T.J.: Adaptive optics imaging of the human retina. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 68, 1–30 (2019)
Scoles, D., Sulai, Y.N., Dubra, A.: In vivo dark-field imaging of the retinal pigment epithelium cell mosaic. Biomed. Optics Express 4(9), 1710–1723 (2013)
Scoles, D., et al.: In vivo imaging of human cone photoreceptor inner segments. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55(7), 4244–4251 (2014)
Rossi, E.A., et al.: Imaging individual neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the living eye. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114(3), 586–591 (2017)
Chui, T.Y., VanNasdale, D.A., Burns, S.A.: The use of forward scatter to improve retinal vascular imaging with an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Biomed. Optics Express 3(10), 2537–2549 (2012)
Sapoznik, K.A., Luo, T., De Castro, A., Sawides, L., Warner, R.L., Burns, S.A.: Enhanced retinal vasculature imaging with a rapidly configurable aperture. Biomed. Optics Express 9(3), 1323–1333 (2018)
De Castro, A., Sawides, L., Qi, X., Burns, S.A.: Adaptive optics retinal imaging with automatic detection of the pupil and its boundary in real time using Shack-Hartmann images. Appl. Opt. 56(24), 6748–6754 (2017)
Chen, L., Singer, B., Guirao, A., Porter, J., Williams, D.R.: Image metrics for predicting subjective image quality. Optom. Vis. Sci. 82(5), 358–369 (2005)
Venkateswaran, K., Roorda, A., Romero-Borja, F.: Theoretical modeling and evaluation of the axial resolution of the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. J. Biomed. Optics 9(1), 132–139 (2004)
Southwell, W.H.: Wave-front estimation from wave-front slope measurements. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70(8), 998–1006 (1980)
Artal, P., Marcos, S., Navarro, R., Williams, D.R.: Odd aberrations and double-pass measurements of retinal image quality. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12(2), 195–201 (1995)
Rativa, D., Vohnsen, B.: Single-and multimode characteristics of the foveal cones: the super-Gaussian function. J. Mod. Opt. 58(19–20), 1809–1816 (2011)
Vohnsen, B.: Directional sensitivity of the retina: a layered scattering model of outer-segment photoreceptor pigments. Biomed. Optics Express 5(5), 1569–1587 (2014)
Young, L.K., Morris, T.J., Saunter, C.D., Smithson, H.E.: Compact, modular and in-plane AOSLO for high-resolution retinal imaging. Biomed. Optics Express 9(9), 4275–4293 (2018)
Acknowledgement
Authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from various sources: Fight For Sight (1467/8); University of Oxford Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund (105605/Z/14/Z); the University of Oxford Medical Research Fund (MRF/LSV2015/2161); the EPA Cephalosporin Fund (CF 277); the John Fell Oxford University Press (OUP) Research Fund (103/786 and 151/139); The Dowager Countess Eleanor Peel Trust.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pathak, B., Young, L., Smithson, H. (2020). Simultaneous Optimisation of Confocal and Non-confocal Images in an AOSLO with a Reconfigurable Aperture Pattern. In: Papież, B., Namburete, A., Yaqub, M., Noble, J. (eds) Medical Image Understanding and Analysis. MIUA 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1248. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52791-4_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52791-4_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52790-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52791-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)