Abstract
This chapter draws on findings from analysing the effect of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) on international tourist flows in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to discuss the role of policy harmonisation in tourism development. The empirical analysis is carried out using a gravity dataset consisting of an unbalanced panel of 171 origin countries, 55 destination countries, and 4454 country-pairs over the period from 1995 to 2015. The results show that regional trade agreements have a significant positive effect on international tourist flows over the sample period: country-pairs that are members of regional trade agreements experienced greater tourist flows than non-members in both SSA and MENA. The results underscore the role of policy harmonisation in boosting international tourism. RTAs encourage policy harmonisation amongst member states to promote regional integration and thereby enabling inter-regional tourism. Integrating tourism development into regional trade agreements could amplify their positive effect on tourist flows, such as through harmonising tourism-related policies, which in turn, would generate positive spill-overs across tourist destinations in the RTAs.
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Notes
- 1.
The aggregate figures reported by African Business and the World Tourism Organization both include North Africa.
- 2.
Real GDP per capita is expressed in purchasing-power-parity (PPP) terms. This indicator of GDP per capita is used as the PPP approach makes it possible for one to account for relative differences in prices across countries (Moon et al. 2010).
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by a United Arab Emirates University start-up grant (#31B126). The authors would like to thank Uzair Ahmed for his valuable research assistance.
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Okafor, L.E., Khalid, U., Adeola, O. (2021). The Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on International Tourist Flows in the Middle East and Africa. In: Ngoasong, M.Z., Adeola, O., Kimbu, A.N., Hinson, R.E. (eds) New Frontiers in Hospitality and Tourism Management in Africa. Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70171-0_15
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