Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we first review the science behind the two Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Symposia that we held in 2020 (“AI welcomes Systems Engineering. Towards the science of interdependence for autonomous human-machine teams”). Second, we provide a brief introduction to each of the chapters in this book.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
One possibility is to use global metrics. In the case of the Uber car accident that killed a pedestrian discussed below, the industry’s first pedestrian fatality, the company’s self-driving section did not suffer until the accident, and then Uber and the rest of the self-driving industry have been significantly slowed by the fatality (Gardner, 2019).
- 2.
On December 7th, Uber sold its self-driving unit to Aurora Innovation Inc. (Somerville, 2020).
- 3.
Cummings studied about 500 teams of scientists in the National Science Foundation’s data base.
References
Ashley, Jr., Robert, P., Lieutenant General, U.S. Army Director. (2019). China, Military Power. Modernizing a force to fight and win, Defense Intelligence Agency, from https://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/News/Military%20Power%20Publications/China_Military_Power_FINAL_5MB_20190103.pdf.
Barton, T. (2019). Sea Hunter/AI, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
BEA (2016). Accident to the airbus A320–211, registered D-AIPX and operated by Germanwings, flight GWI18G, on 03/24/15 at Prads-Haute-Bléone, BEA2015–0125.
Beling, P. (2019). A systems theoretic framework for the AI LifeCycle, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Bisbey, T. M., Reyes, D. L., Traylor, A. M., & Salas, E. (2019). Teams of psychologists helping teams: The evolution of the science of team training. American Psychologist, 74(3), 278–289.
Blackburn, M. (2019). Transforming SE through model centric engineering, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Brynjolfsson, E., & Mitchell, T. (2017). What can machine learning do? Workplace implications: Profound changes are coming, but roles for humans remain. Science, 358, 1530–1534.
Centola, D., & Macy, M. (2007). Complex contagions and the weakness of long ties. American Journal of Sociology, 113(3), 702–734.
Cooke, N. J., & Hilton, M. L. (Eds.). (2015). Enhancing the effectiveness of team science. Authors: Committee on the science of team science; Board on behavioral, Cognitive, and sensory sciences; Division of behavioral and social sciences and education; National research council. National Academies Press.
CRS (2018). U.S. Ground forces robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) and artificial intelligence (AI): Considerations for congress, Congressional research service, p. 9, R45392, Version 3, from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/R45392.pdf.
Cummings, J. (2015). Team science successes and challenges: National science foundation sponsored workshop on fundamentals of team science and the science of team science (June 2), Bethesda MD (https://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/radiation-medicine/upload/12-_cummings_talk.pdf).
DeLaurentis, D. (2019). Breakout session, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
DoD (2018). Nuclear posture review, office of the secretary of defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/SpecialReports/2018NuclearPostureReview.aspx.
DoD (2019). Summary of the 2018 department of defense artificial intelligence strategy harnessing AI to advance our security and prosperity, from https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/12/2002088963/-1/-1/1/SUMMARY-OF-DOD-AI-STRATEGY.PDF.
Editors (2019). Ready for weapons with free will? New York times, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/opinion/weapons-artificial-intelligence.html.
Freeman, L. (2019). AI as a change agent for test and evaluation, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Gardner, G. (2019). Uber won't face charges in fatal arizona crash, but prosecutor urges further probe, Forbes, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greggardner/2019/03/06/uber-wont-face-charges-in-fatal-arizona-crash-but-prosecutor-urges-further-probe/#6820859f475a.
Gramer, R., & Seligman, L. (2018). “Trump and NATO show rare unity in confronting Russia’s arms treaty violation. NATO backs U.S. assertion that Moscow is violating a key Cold War-era arms treaty, Foreign policy, from https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/04/trump-and-nato-show-rare-unity-in-confronting-russia-arms-treaty-violation-inf/.
Grogan, P. (2019). Game-theoretic risk assessment for distributed systems, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Harris, R. (2018). In psychology and other social sciences, many studies fail the reproducibility test, National public radio, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/27/642218377/in-psychology-and-other-social-sciences-many-studies-fail-the-reproducibility-te.
Horowitz, B. (2019), Introduction of the life cycle-ready AI concept, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Howell, C. (2019). Lifecycle implications for dependable AI, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Insinna, V. (2019). Lockheed hypes F-35′s upgrade plan as interest in ‘sixth-gen’ fighters grows,” Defense news, from https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/paris-air-show/2019/06/21/lockheed-hypes-f-35s-upgrade-plan-as-interest-in-sixth-gen-fighters-grows/.
LaGrone, S. (2019). Navy wants 10-ship unmanned ‘Ghost Fleet’ to supplement manned force, U.S. Naval institute, from https://news.usni.org/2019/03/13/navy-wants-ten-ship-3b-unmanned-experimental-ghost-fleet.
Langford, J. (2018). Lockheed wins Army contract for self-driving military convoy systems, Washington examiner, from https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/business/lockheed-wins-army-contract-for-self-driving-military-convoy-systems.
Lawless, W. F., Mittu, R., Sofge, D., & Russell, S. (Eds.). (2017). Autonomy and artificial intelligence: a threat or savior? Springer.
Lawless, W. F. (2017a). The entangled nature of interdependence bistability, irreproducibility and uncertainty. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 78, 51–64.
Lawless, W. F. (2017b). The physics of teams: Interdependence, measurable entropy and computational emotion. Frontiers of Physics., 5, 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2017.00030
Lawless, W. F. (2019). Interdependence for human-machine teams, Froundations of Science.
Lawless, W. F., Mittu, R., Sofge, D. A. & Hiatt, L. (2019a). Introduction to the special issue, “Artificial intelligence (AI), autonomy and human-machine teams: Interdependence, context and explainable AI,” AI Magazine.
Lawless, W. F., Mittu, R., Sofge, D., Moskowitz, I. S. & Russell, S. (Eds.). (2019b). Artificial intelligence for the internet of everything. Elsevier.
Lemnios, Z. (2019). IBM research, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Llinas, J. (2014). Reexamining Information Fusion–Decision Making Inter-dependencies, Presented at the IEEE CogSIMA conference, San Antonio, TX.
Long, J. (2019). National defence and the Canadian armed forces: Enabling organizational resilience through communication and information systems design. Canadian Military Journal, 119(2), 15; from http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/Vol19/No2/page15-eng.asp.
Maurer, M. (2019). Airbus harnessing AI in bid to save millions on Finance tasks. The aircraft maker’s Americas unit is digitizing the approval of expense reports and payment of invoices. Wall Street Journal, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/airbus-harnessing-ai-in-bid-to-save-millions-on-finance-tasks-11566207002.
Mead, W. R. (2019). Trump’s case against Europe. The president sees Brussels as too weak, too liberal, and anti-American on trade. Wall Street Journal, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-case-against-europe-11559602940.
NAS (2019). A decadal survey of the social and behavioral sciences: A research agenda for advancing intelligence analysis. National Academies of Sciences.
Nosek, B., Corresponding author from OCS (2015). Open collaboration of science: Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), 943; supplementary: 4716–1 to 4716–9. (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and replicability in science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25303).
NTSB (2016). Derailment of Amtrak passenger train 188. National transportation safety board (NTSB), NTSB Number: RAR-16–02, from https://www.ntsb.gov/Investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/RAR1602.aspx.
NTSB (2018). Preliminary report released for crash involving pedestrian, Uber technologies, Inc., Test Vehicle, National transportation safety board, from https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NR20180524.aspx.nnn.
NTSB (2019). Insufficient training, inadequate bridge operating procedures, lack of operational oversight led to fatal ship collision. NTSB: Collision between US Navy Destroyer John S McCain and Tanker Alnic MC Singapore Strait, 5 Miles Northeast of Horsburgh Lighthouse [accident occurred on] August 21, 2017, Marine Accident Report, NTSB/MAR-19/01 PB2019–100970, from https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/MAR1901.pdf.
NTSB (2019a). Vehicle automation report. National transportation safety board. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://dms.ntsb.gov/pubdms/search/document.cfm?docID=477717&docketID=62978&mkey=96894.
Oh, P., Spahr, T., Chase, C. & Abadie, A. (2019). Incorporating artificial intelligence: Lessons from the private sector. War Room, United States Army War College, from https://warroom.armywarcollege.edu/articles/incorporating-artificial-intelligence-private-sector/.
Proctor, R. W. & Vu, K. P. L. (2019). How psychologists help solve real-world problems in multidisciplinary research teams: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 74(3), 271–277.
Raz, A. K., Llinas, J., Mittu, R., & Lawless, W. (2019). Engineering for emergence in information fusion systems: A review of some challenges, Fusion 2019, Ottawa, Canada | July 2–5, 2019.
Rhodes, D. (2019). Interactive model-centric engineering (IMCSE), SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Richards, R. (2019). Program manager at DARPA, invited talk, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Smith, R .J. (2019). Scary fast: How hypersonic Missiles—Which travel at more than 15 times the speed of sound—Are touching off a new global arms race that threatens to change the nature of warfare. New York Times Magazine, 42–48; also, see https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/magazine/hypersonic-missiles.html.
Sofge, D., (Referee), Mittu, R., (Con Bet) & Lawless, W. F. (Pro Bet) (2019). AI bookie bet: How likely is it that an AI-based system will self-authorize taking control from a human operator? AI Magazine, 40(3), 79–84.
Somerville, H. (2020). Uber sells self-driving-car unit to autonomous-driving startup. As part of the deal, Uber will make a $400 million investment in Aurora Innovation. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-sells-self-driving-car-unit-to-autonomous-driving-startup-11607380167.
Stockman, B., Boyle, J. & Bacon, J. (2010). International space station systems engineering case study, Air force center for systems engineering, Air force institute of technology, from https://spacese.spacegrant.org/uploads/images/ISS/ISS%20SE%20Case%20Study.pdf.
Thomas, J. (2019). INCOSE discussion, SERC workshop: Model centric engineering, Georgetown university, Washington, DC, April 16 & 17, 2019.
Volz, D. & Youssef, N. (2019). U.S. Launched cyberattacks on Iran. The cyberstrikes on thursday targeted computer systems used to control missile and rocket launches. Wall Street Journal, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-launched-cyberattacks-on-iran-11561263454.
Wakabayashi, D. (2018). Uber’s self-driving cars were struggling before arizona crash. New York Times, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/technology/uber-self-driving-cars-arizona.html.
Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K. J., Hamelin, R. D., & Shortell, T. M. (Eds.). (2015). Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities (4th Edn.). Prepared by International council on system engineering (INCOSE-TP-2003-002-04. Wiley.
Werkhäuser, N. (2019). UN impasse could mean killer robots escape regulation. It's no longer the stuff of science fiction: Wars could soon be decided by lethal autonomous weapons systems. But a concerted effort to ban “killer robots” through international law at the UN appears to have hit a wall,” DW (Deutsche Welle), from https://www.dw.com/en/un-impasse-could-mean-killer-robots-escape-regulation/a-50103038.
Wong, K. (2018). China claims successful test of hypersonic waverider. Jane’s 360, from https://www.janes.com/article/82295/china-claims-successful-test-of-hypersonic-waverider.
Yampolskiy, R. V. (2017). AI is the future of cybersecurity, for better and for worse. Harvard Business Review, from https://hbr.org/2017/05/ai-is-the-future-of-cybersecurity-for-better-and-for-worse.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lawless, W.F., Mittu, R., Sofge, D.A., Shortell, T., McDermott, T.A. (2021). Introduction to “Systems Engineering and Artificial Intelligence” and the Chapters. In: Lawless, W.F., Mittu, R., Sofge, D.A., Shortell, T., McDermott, T.A. (eds) Systems Engineering and Artificial Intelligence . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77283-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77283-3_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-77282-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-77283-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)