Abstract
The bare-handed interaction in virtual reality (VR) is gaining popularity because of the high naturalness of the interaction. However, the bare-handed input is disadvantaged by the poor input performance. This study attempted to use a technique - predictive next-letter highlighting (PNLH) to alleviate this problem. In order to investigate the effect of PNLH and the PNLH with different delays on input performance of bare-handed in virtual reality, a total of 30 participants familiar with the keyboard layout were recruited. They were required to complete five input conditions: input without the PNLH, and input with PNLH with a delay of 0, 150, 300, and 450 ms. Results indicated that the PNLH with a delay of 0 and 450 ms had better input performance than that without PNLH. The effect of the delay on input performance varied with duration—a delay of 300 ms will result in the worst input performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Faraj, K., Mojahid, M., Vigouroux, N.: Bigkey: a virtual keyboard for mobile devices. In: Jacko, J.A. (ed.) Human-Computer Interaction. Ambient, Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction, Part III, pp. 3–10. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02580-8_1
Arif, A.S., Stuerzlinger, W.: Analysis of text entry performance metrics. In: 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), pp. 100–105. IEEE, September 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIC-STH.2009.5444533
Bi, J., Liu, H., Ge, L.: Development and verification of the prompt soft keyboards based on Chinese spelling inputs. J. Psychol. Sci. (04), 62–67. CNKI: CDMD: 2.1015.546835 (2015)
Dabrowski, J., Munson, E.V.: 40 years of searching for the best computer system response time. Interact. Comput. 23(5), 555–564 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.05.008
Gong, J., Haggerty, B., Tarasewich, P.: An enhanced multitap text entry method with predictive next-letter highlighting. In: CHI 2005 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1399–1402, April 2005. https://doi.org/10.1145/1056808.1056926
González, G., Molina, J., García, A., Martínez, D., González, P.: Evaluation of text input techniques in immersive virtual environments. In: Macías, J.A., Saltiveri, A.G., Latorre, P.M. (eds.) New Trends on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 1–10. Springer, London (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-352-5_11
Guttentag, D.: Virtual reality: applications and implications for tourism. Tour. Manag. 31(5), 637–651 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003
Ivy, S.E., Guerra, J.A., Hatton, D.D.: Procedural adaptations for use of constant time delay to teach highly motivating words to beginning braille readers. J. Vis. Impairment Blindness 111(1), 33–48 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X1711100104
Kohlisch, O., Kuhmann, W.: System response time and readiness for task execution the optimum duration of inter-task delays. Ergonomics 40(3), 265–280 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1080/001401397188143
Lackey, S.J., Salcedo, J.N., Szalma, J.L., Hancock, P.A.: The stress and workload of virtual reality training: the effects of presence, immersion and flow. Ergonomics 59(8), 1060–1072 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1122234
Liu, L., Bai, X.: The effects of attentional control setting and types of cues on attentional capture. Acta Psychologica Sinica 48(9), 1093–1107 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2016.01093
Löchtefeld, M., Krüger, A., Gellersen, H.: DeceptiBike: assessing the perception of speed deception in a virtual reality training bike system. In: Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 1–10, October 2016. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971485.2971513
MacKenzie, I.S., Soukoreff, R.W.: Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques. In: CHI 2003 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 754–755, April 2003. https://doi.org/10.1145/765891.765971
MacKenzie, I.S., Zhang, S.X.: An empirical investigation of the novice experience with soft keyboards. Behav. Inf. Technol. 20(6), 411–418 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290110089561
Magnien, L., Bouraoui, J.L., Vigouroux, N.: Mobile devices: soft keyboard text-entry enhanced by visual cues. In: Proceedings of the 1st French-Speaking Conference on Mobility and Ubiquity Computing, pp. 158–165, June 2004. https://doi.org/10.1145/1050873.1050908
Mujber, T.S., Szecsi, T., Hashmi, M.S.: Virtual reality applications in manufacturing process simulation. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 155, 1834–1838 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.401
Prätorius, M., Valkov, D., Burgbacher, U., Hinrichs, K.: DigiTap: an eyes-free VR/AR symbolic input device. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, pp. 9–18, November 2014. https://doi.org/10.1145/2671015.2671029
Rodrigues, É., Carreira, M., Gonçalves, D.: Enhancing typing performance of older adults on tablets. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 15(3), 393–418 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-014-0394-8
Schaefer, F.: The effect of system response times on temporal predictability of work flow in human-computer interaction. Hum. Perform. 3(3), 173–186 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup0303_3
Sharma, M.K., Sarcar, S., Saha, P.K., Samanta, D.: Visual clue: an approach to predict and highlight next character. In: 2012 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction (IHCI), pp. 1–7. IEEE, December 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/IHCI.2012.6481820
Soukoreff, R.W., MacKenzie, I.S.: Metrics for text entry research: an evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 113–120, April 2003. https://doi.org/10.1145/642611.642632
Theeuwes, J., Atchley, P., Kramer, A.F.: On the time course of top-down and bottom-up control of visual attention. Control Cogn. Process. Attention Perform. XVIII, 105–124 (2000)
Thum, M., Boucsein, W., Kuhmann, W., Ray, W.J.: Standardized task strain and system response times in human-computer interaction. Ergonomics 38(7), 1342–1351 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925192
Tsang, P.S., Velazquez, V.L.: Diagnosticity and multidimensional subjective workload ratings. Ergonomics 39(3), 358–381 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139608964470
Yantis, S.: Attentional capture in vision. In: Kramer, A.F., Coles, M.G.H., Logan, G.D. (eds.) Converging Operations in the Study of Visual Selective Attention, pp. 45–76. American Psychological Association, Washington (1996). https://doi.org/10.1037/10187-002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
There are no competing interests in regards to this research by any authors.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lin, H., Ma, S., Yang, Z., Kang, C., Li, H. (2021). Effect of Predictive Next-Letter Highlighting and Its Delays on the Bare-Handed Input in Virtual Reality. In: Harris, D., Li, WC. (eds) Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. HCII 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12767. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77932-0_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77932-0_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-77931-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-77932-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)