Abstract
The paper describes different methods to clarify ice action on ship hull; what different methods have given and what information on ice action is still missing. First what can be obtained by observations is described. Observations, be they visual or about consequences of ice action like hull damage, give an idea of the loading process based on the breaking pattern in level ice or impact with a discrete ice floe. Also an understanding about the load patch being relatively narrow vertically and long horizontally emerges. An estimate of the load magnitude can be obtained by estimating what load gives the observed damages. Theoretical studies include a model for collision with level ice or smaller ice floes (Popov model) and also a model for collision with massive multi-year ice floes. Theoretical studies have also analysed the creation of the breaking pattern of level ice. All these studies give information about the load patch and total maximum force. In the last chapter some ship measurements are described. These have mostly endorsed the observed ice load magnitude and also the small load height of the load patch. The aim of the paper is to give an insight of how the ice action on ship hull can be described, even if only a selected number of studies is included.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
CANMAR, Final report on full scale measurements of ice impact loads and response of the Kigoriak. A report by Canadian Marine Drilling Ltd. to Coast Guard Northern, TP5871E (1982)
C. Daley, Energy based ice collision forces, in Proceedings of the 15th POAC 1999 (Helsinki, Finland, 1999)
FSICR 2017, Ice class regulations and the application thereof, Act on the ice classes of ships and icebreaker assistance (1121/2005), section 4.1., TRAFI/494131/03.04.01.00/2016 (2017), 65 p.
I. Glen, G. Comfort, Ice impact pressure and load: investigation by laboratory experiments and ship trials, in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC), Helsinki, vol. I (1983), pp. 516–533
W. Goldsmith, Impact – The Theory and Physical Behaviour of Coliding Solids (Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1960), p. 379
S. Hänninen, Incidents and accidents in winter navigation in the Baltic Sea, winter 2002–2003. Winter Navigation Research Board, Res. Rpt. 54 (Helsinki, 2003), 39 p.
M. Hopkins, Numerical simulation of systems of multitudinous polygonal blocks. Tech. Rpt. 92–22, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL (1992), 69 p.
A. Joensuu, Ice pressure measurements using PVDF film. Proceeding OMAE ’88. Houston, Texas 4, 153–158 (1988)
A. Joensuu, K. Riska, Structure/ice contact, measurement results from the joint tests with Wärtsilä Arctic Research Centre in Spring 1988. Helsinki University of Technology, Lab. of Naval Architecture and Marine Eng., Report M-88, Espoo (1989), 57 p. + 154 app. [in Finnish]
B. Johansson, On the ice-strengthening of ship hull. Int. Shipbuild. Prog. 14(154), 231–245 (1967)
M. Jumeau, Ice interaction with ships - Calculation of the ice force in collision with a finite ice floe. Training report, Total E&P (Paris, France, 2017), 72 p.
C. Keijdener, H. Hendrikse, A. Metrikine, The effect of hydrodynamics on the bending failure of level ice. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 153, 106–119 (2018)
C. Keijdener, The effect of hydrodynamics on the interaction between floating structures and flexible ice floes. Doctoral dissertation, Delft University of Technology, (2019), 149 p.
A.D. Kerr, The bearing capacity of floating ice plates subjected to static or quasi-static loads. J. Glaciol 17(1976), 229–268 (1976)
K. Korzhavin, Action of Ice on Engineering Structures. Publishing House of Siberian Branch of USSR Academy of Sciences (1962). CRREL translation 1971, 321 p.
M. Kotilainen, J. Vanhatalo, M. Suominen, P. Kujala, Predicting ice-induced load amplitudes on ship bow conditional on ice thickness and ship speed in the Baltic Sea. Cold Regions Res. Technol. 135(2017), 116–126 (2017)
K. Kotisalo, P. Kujala, Analysis of ice load measurements onboard MT Uikku – Results from the ARCDEV-voyage to Ob Bay, April-May 1998. Report no. D-50, Ship Laboratory (Helsinki University of Technology 1999)
P. Kujala, J. Vuorio, Results and statistical analysis of ice load measurements on board icebreaker Sisu in winters 1979 to 1985. Winter Navigation Research Board, Research report No. 43 (Helsinki, Finland, 1986), 131 p.
P. Kujala, Damage statistics of ice-strengthened ships in the Baltic Sea 1984 – 1987. Winter Navigation Research Board, Res. Rpt. 50, 67 p.
V.A. Kurdjumov, D.E. Kheisin, Hydrodynamic model of the impact of a solid on ice. Prikladnaja Mekhanika 12, 103–109 (1976). ([in Russian])
A. Muhonen, Ice Load Measurements onboard the MS. Kemira, Winter 1990. Laboratory of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Report M-109 (1991), 24 p + app.
J. Popov, O. Faddeev, D. Kheisin, A. Yakovlev, Strength of Ships Sailing in Ice. Sudostroyeniye Publishing House Leningrad (1967), 223 p (Translated by U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center 1968).
M. Rabatel, Modélisation dynamique d’un assemblage de floes rigides. Doctoral dissertation, Université de Grenoble (2015), 156 p.
K. Riska, S. Uto, J. Tuhkuri, Pressure distribution and response of multiplate panels under ice loading. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 34, 209–225 (2002)
K. Riska, P. Frederking, Ice load penetration modelling, in Proceedings of the Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, vol. 1, Fairbanks, Alaska, August 17–21 (1987), pp. 317–328
K. Riska, J. Tuhkuri, Analysis of contact between level ice and a structure, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rational Evaluation of Ice Forces on Structures, 2–4 February 1999 (Mombetsu, Japan, 1999), pp. 103–120
K. Riska, J. Matusiak, S. Rintala, J. Vuorio, Measurements of Ice Pressures and Forces on CANMAR Kigoriak during the Repeated Trials in 1981. Client report to Dome Petroleum, VTT/LAI-332/82 (1982)
K. Riska, P. Kujala, J. Vuorio, Ice load and pressure measurements on board IB Sisu, in Proceedings of the POAC 1983 (Helsinki, Finland, 1983), pp. 1055–1069
K. Riska, H. Rantala, A. Joensuu, Full scale observations of ship-ice contact. Helsinki University of Technology, Lab. of Naval Architecture and Marine Eng., Report M-97, Espoo (1990), 54 p. + 293 pp.
K. Riska, Observations of the line-like nature of ship-ice contact, in 11th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Proceedings, vol. 2 (St. John's, Canada, 1991a), pp. 785 - 811.
K. Riska, Theoretical modelling of ice-structure interaction, in Ice-Structure Interaction. IUTAM-IAHR Symposium, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, ed, by S. Jones & R. McKenna & J. Tillotson & I. Jordaan (Springer, Berlin, 1991b), pp. 595–618
K. Riska, Lectures notes for the course ‘Ship Design for Ice’. Norwegian University for Science and Technology (NTNU), Marine Technology Department (2018)
K. Riska, On the mechanics of the ramming interaction between a ship and a massive ice floe. Technical Research Centre of Finland, Publications no. 43 (Espoo, Finland, 1987), 93 p.
K. Riska, Models of ice-structure contact for engineering applications, in Mechanics of Geomaterial Interfaces, ed. by A. Selvadurai, M. Boulon (Elsevier Science B.V., 1995), pp. 77–103
D. Sodhi, T. Takeuchi, N. Nakazawa, S. Akagawa, H. Saeki, Medium-scale indentation tests on sea ice at various speeds. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 28, 161–182 (1998)
D. Sodhi, T. Takeuchi, M. Kawamura, N. Nakazawa, S. Akagawa, Measurement of ice forces and interfacial pressure during medium scale indentation tests in Japan, in Proceedings of the Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, vol. 2 (Ottawa, Canada, 2001)
St. J. John, C. Daley, H. Blount, Ice loads and ship response to ice. Ship Structures Committee Report SR-1291, SSC-329 (1984), 332 p.
B. Su, K. Riska, T. Moan, Numerical study of ice-induced loads on ship hulls. Mar. Struct. 24(2011), 132–152 (2011)
T. Takeuchi, T. Masaki, S. Akagawa, M. Kawamura, N. Nakazawa, T. Terashima, H. Honda, H. Saeki, K. Hirayama, Medium-scale field indentation tests MSFIT: ice failure characteristics in ice-structure interactions. Proceedings of the 7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Honolulu, USA II, 376–382 (1997)
X. Tan, K. Riska, T. Moan, Effect of dynamic bending of level ice on ship’s continuous-mode ice breaking. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 106–107, 82–95 (2014)
TRAFI 2016, Ice Class Regulations and the Application There of. Finnish Transport Safety Agency, TRAFI/494131/03.04.01.00/2016 (2016), 65 p.
J. Tuhkuri, A. Polojärvi, A review of discrete element simulation of ice-structure interaction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 376(2129)
A. Tunik, Dynamic ice loads on a ship. IAHR Ice Symposium, Hamburg, Germany III, 297–313 (1984)
P. Varsta, On the mechanics of ice load on ships in level ice in the Baltic Sea. D.Sc. thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland (1983) 93 p.
J. Vuorio, K. Riska, P. Varsta, Long term measurements of ice pressure and ice-induced stresses on the icebreaker SISU in Winter 1978. Winter Navigation Research Board, Res. Rpt. No. 28 (Helsinki and Stockholm, 1979), 56 p.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Riska, K. (2022). Ice Action on Ship Hull: What Do We Know and What Do We Miss?. In: Tuhkuri, J., Polojärvi, A. (eds) IUTAM Symposium on Physics and Mechanics of Sea Ice. IUTAM Bookseries, vol 39. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80439-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80439-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80438-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80439-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)